Neale DM, Cootauco AC, Burrow G. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 2007 Dec. 34 (4):543-57, v-vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roti E, Uberti Ed. Post-partum thyroiditis--a clinical update. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Mar. 146 (3):275-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, Azizi F, Mestman J, Negro R, et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid. 2011 Oct. 21 (10):1081-125. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
MCGIVEN AR, ADAMS DD, PURVES HD. A COMPARISON OF THE HEAT STABILITY OF LONG-ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR AND HUMAN THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE. J Endocrinol. 1965 Apr. 32:29-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
ADAMS DD, KENNEDY TH, PURVES HD, SIRET NE. Failure of TSH antisera to neutralize long-acting thyroid stimulator. Endocrinology. 1962 Jun. 70:801-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
ADAMS DD. The presence of an abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum of some thyrotoxic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1958 Jul. 18 (7):699-712. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Adams DD. The pathogenesis of thyrotoxicosis the discovery of LATS. N Z Med J. 1975 Jan 8. 81 (531):15-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gerstein HC. How common is postpartum thyroiditis? A methodologic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1990 Jul. 150 (7):1397-400. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Friedrich N, Schwarz S, Thonack J, John U, Wallaschofski H, Völzke H. Association between parity and autoimmune thyroiditis in a general female population. Autoimmunity. 2008 Mar. 41 (2):174-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Luton D, Le Gac I, Vuillard E, Castanet M, Guibourdenche J, Noel M, et al. Management of Graves' disease during pregnancy: the key role of fetal thyroid gland monitoring. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov. 90 (11):6093-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Abalovich M, Gutierrez S, Alcaraz G, Maccallini G, Garcia A, Levalle O. Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Thyroid. 2002 Jan. 12 (1):63-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Leung AS, Millar LK, Koonings PP, Montoro M, Mestman JH. Perinatal outcome in hypothyroid pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Mar. 81 (3):349-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Allan WC, Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Williams JR, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening. J Med Screen. 2000. 7 (3):127-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wilson KL, Casey BM, McIntire DD, Halvorson LM, Cunningham FG. Subclinical thyroid disease and the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Feb. 119 (2 Pt 1):315-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Blumenthal NJ, Byth K, Eastman CJ. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016 Jun. 56 (3):307-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stagnaro-Green A. Approach to the patient with postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Feb. 97 (2):334-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 223. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jun. 135 (6):e261-e274. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and other causes of Thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016 Aug 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brent GA. Maternal thyroid function: interpretation of thyroid function tests in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Mar. 40 (1):3-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Medici M, Korevaar TI, Visser WE, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Thyroid function in pregnancy: what is normal?. Clin Chem. 2015 May. 61 (5):704-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug. 97 (8):2543-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Furnica RM, Lazarus JH, Gruson D, Daumerie C. Update on a new controversy in endocrinology: isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015 Feb. 38 (2):117-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gaberšček S, Osolnik J, Zaletel K, Pirnat E, Hojker S. An Advantageous Role of Spectral Doppler Sonography in the Evaluation of Thyroid Dysfunction During the Postpartum Period. J Ultrasound Med. 2016 Jul. 35 (7):1429-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gianetti E, Russo L, Orlandi F, Chiovato L, Giusti M, Benvenga S, et al. Pregnancy outcome in women treated with methimazole or propylthiouracil during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015 Sep. 38 (9):977-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Laurberg P, Andersen SL. Antithyroid Drug Use in Pregnancy and Birth Defects: Why Some Studies Find Clear Associations, and Some Studies Report None. Thyroid. 2015 Nov. 25 (11):1185-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Li X, Liu GY, Ma JL, Zhou L. Risk of congenital anomalies associated with antithyroid treatment during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2015 Jun. 70 (6):453-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Andersen SL, Olsen J, Laurberg P. Antithyroid Drug Side Effects in the Population and in Pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Apr. 101 (4):1606-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA MedWatch Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products. Propylthiouracil (PTU). www.fda.gov. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm164162.hm. Accessed: June 3, 2009.
Negro R, Schwartz A, Gismondi R, Tinelli A, Mangieri T, Stagnaro-Green A. Universal screening versus case finding for detection and treatment of thyroid hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Apr. 95 (4):1699-707. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lazarus JH, Bestwick JP, Channon S, Paradice R, Maina A, Rees R, et al. Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 9. 366 (6):493-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 148: Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Apr. 125 (4):996-1005. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kumru P, Erdogdu E, Arisoy R, Demirci O, Ozkoral A, Ardic C, et al. Effect of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity on pregnancy outcomes in low risk population. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015 May. 291 (5):1047-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Oztas E, Erkenekli K, Ozler S, Aktas A, Buyukkagnıcı U, Uygur D, et al. First trimester interleukin-6 levels help to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes in both thyroid autoantibody positive and negative patients. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015 Nov. 41 (11):1700-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
WHO Secretariat, Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr. 2007 Dec. 10 (12A):1606-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Iodine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. www.nap.edu: National Academy Press; 2001. [Full Text].
Caldwell KL, Pan Y, Mortensen ME, Makhmudov A, Merrill L, Moye J. Iodine status in pregnant women in the National Children's Study and in U.S. women (15-44 years), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010. Thyroid. 2013 Aug. 23 (8):927-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yoshihara A, Noh JY, Watanabe N, Mukasa K, Ohye H, Suzuki M, et al. Substituting Potassium Iodide for Methimazole as the Treatment for Graves' Disease During the First Trimester May Reduce the Incidence of Congenital Anomalies: A Retrospective Study at a Single Medical Institution in Japan. Thyroid. 2015 Oct. 25 (10):1155-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].