Androgen Excess Follow-up

1. Lizneva D, Gavrilova-Jordan L, Walker W, Azziz R. Androgen excess: investigations and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016 May 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Adashi EY. The climacteric ovary as a functional gonadotropin-driven androgen-producing gland. Fertil Steril. 1994 Jul. 62(1):20-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Gupta M, Chia SY. Ovarian Hormones: Structure, Biosynthesis, Function, Mechanism of Action, and Laboratory Diagnosis. T. Falcone and W. Hurd. Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Inc.; 2007. 22.

4. Davison SL, Bell R. Androgen physiology. Semin Reprod Med. 2006 Apr. 24(2):71-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Schiffer L, Kempegowda P, Arlt W, O'Reilly MW. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The sexually dimorphic role of androgens in human metabolic disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Sep. 177 (3):R125-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Baulieu EE. Neurosteroids: a novel function of the brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998 Nov. 23(8):963-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Hogervorst E, Matthews FE, Brayne C. Are optimal levels of testosterone associated with better cognitive function in healthy older women and men?. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Oct. 1800(10):1145-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Appelt H, Strauss B. Effects of antiandrogen treatment on the sexuality of women with hyperandrogenism. Psychother Psychosom. 1984. 42(1-4):177-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Buster JE, Kingsberg SA, Aguirre O, Brown C, Breaux JG, Buch A, et al. Testosterone patch for low sexual desire in surgically menopausal women: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 May. 105(5 Pt 1):944-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Slemenda C, Longcope C, Peacock M, Hui S, Johnston CC. Sex steroids, bone mass, and bone loss. A prospective study of pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest. 1996 Jan 1. 97(1):14-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Dimitrakakis C, Zhou J, Wang J, Belanger A, LaBrie F, Cheng C, et al. A physiologic role for testosterone in limiting estrogenic stimulation of the breast. Menopause. 2003 Jul-Aug. 10(4):292-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Anderson KE, Sellers TA, Chen PL, Rich SS, Hong CP, Folsom AR. Association of Stein-Leventhal syndrome with the incidence of postmenopausal breast carcinoma in a large prospective study of women in Iowa. Cancer. 1997 Feb 1. 79(3):494-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Hofling M, Hirschberg AL, Skoog L, Tani E, Hagerstrom T, von Schoultz B. Testosterone inhibits estrogen/progestogen-induced breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2007 Mar-Apr. 14(2):183-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Bulun SE, Mahendroo MS, Simpson ER. Polymerase chain reaction amplification fails to detect aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts in normal human endometrium or decidua. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Jun. 76(6):1458-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Tuckerman EM, Okon MA, Li T, Laird SM. Do androgens have a direct effect on endometrial function? An in vitro study. Fertil Steril. 2000 Oct. 74(4):771-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Talbott E, Guzick D, Clerici A, Berga S, Detre K, Weimer K, et al. Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995 Jul. 15(7):821-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Ehrmann DA, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, Rosenfield RL, et al. Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jul. 82(7):2108-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Holte J, Gennarelli G, Wide L, Lithell H, Berne C. High prevalence of polycystic ovaries and associated clinical, endocrine, and metabolic features in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Apr. 83(4):1143-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Luque-Ramirez M, Escobar-Morreale HF. Targets to treat androgen excess in polycystic ovary syndrome. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2015. 19 (11):1545-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Eckardstein A, Wu FC. Testosterone and atherosclerosis. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2003 Aug. 13 Suppl A:S72-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Somani N, Harrison S, Bergfeld WF. The clinical evaluation of hirsutism. Dermatol Ther. 2008 Sep-Oct. 21(5):376-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2008 Mar. 23(3):462-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Yildiz BO, Bolour S, Woods K, Moore A, Azziz R. Visually scoring hirsutism. Hum Reprod Update. 2010 Jan-Feb. 16(1):51-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Lolis MS, Bowe WP, Shalita AR. Acne and systemic disease. Med Clin North Am. 2009 Nov. 93(6):1161-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Uysal G, Sahin Y, Unluhizarci K, et al. Is acne a sign of androgen excess disorder or not?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017 Apr. 211:21-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Elhassan YS, Idkowiak J, Smith K, et al. Causes, Patterns, and Severity of Androgen Excess in 1205 Consecutively Recruited Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Mar 1. 103 (3):1214-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Wise-Oringer BK, Burghard AC, Park H, Auchus RJ, Oberfield SE, Uhlemann AC. Salivary microbiome differences in prepubertal children with and without adrenal androgen excess. Pediatr Res. 2021 Aug 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Boyd-Woschinko G, Kushner H, Falkner B. Androgen excess is associated with insulin resistance and the development of diabetes in African American women. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2007 Fall. 2(4):254-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Koulouri O, Conway GS. A systematic review of commonly used medical treatments for hirsutism in women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 May. 68(5):800-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod. 2004 Jan. 19(1):41-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Willis SK, Mathew HM, Wise LA, et al. Menstrual patterns and self-reported hirsutism as assessed via the modified Ferriman-Gallwey scale: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Mar 6. 248:137-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Mehta A, Matwijiw I, Taylor PJ, Salamon EA, Kredentser JV, Faiman C. Should androgen levels be measured in hirsute women with normal menstrual cycles?. Int J Fertil. 1992 Nov-Dec. 37(6):354-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Moncada E. Familial study of hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1970 Nov. 31(5):556-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Govind A, Obhrai MS, Clayton RN. Polycystic ovaries are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait: analysis of 29 polycystic ovary syndrome and 10 control families. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jan. 84(1):38-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Lowenstein EJ. Diagnosis and management of the dermatologic manifestations of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Dermatol Ther. 2006 Jul-Aug. 19(4):210-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Paschou SA, Palioura E, Ioannidis D, et al. Adrenal hyperandrogenism does not deteriorate insulin resistance and lipid profile in women with PCOS. Endocr Connect. 2017 Nov. 6 (8):601-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Ferriman D, Gallwey JD. Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1961 Nov. 21:1440-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Cela E, Robertson C, Rush K, Kousta E, White DM, Wilson H, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with androgenic alopecia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003 Nov. 149(5):439-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Kahana M, Grossman E, Feinstein A, Ronnen M, Cohen M, Millet MS. Skin tags: a cutaneous marker for diabetes mellitus. Acta Derm Venereol. 1987. 67(2):175-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995 Sep 28. 333(13):853-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, et al. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril. 2009 Feb. 91(2):456-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Azziz R, Sanchez LA, Knochenhauer ES, et al. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb. 89(2):453-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Dennedy MC, Smith D, O'Shea D, McKenna TJ. Investigation of patients with atypical or severe hyperandrogenaemia including androgen-secreting ovarian teratoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Feb. 162(2):213-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Bahri Khomami M, Boyle JA, Tay CT, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and adverse pregnancy outcomes: current state of knowledge, challenges and potential implications for practice. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018 Feb 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Carmina E, Lobo RA. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): arguably the most common endocrinopathy is associated with significant morbidity in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jun. 84(6):1897-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Landay M, Huang A, Azziz R. Degree of hyperinsulinemia, independent of androgen levels, is an important determinant of the severity of hirsutism in PCOS. Fertil Steril. 2009 Aug. 92(2):643-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Ibanez L, Oberfield SE, Witchel S, et al. An International Consortium Update: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr. 2017. 88 (6):371-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Dimitriadis GK, Kyrou I, Randeva HS. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a Proinflammatory State: The Role of Adipokines. Curr Pharm Des. 2016 Jul 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Rudnicka E, Kunicki M, Suchta K, Machura P, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R. Inflammatory Markers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Biomed Res Int. 2020. 2020:4092470. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Escobar-Morreale HF, Roldan-Martin MB. Type 1 Diabetes and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2016 Apr. 39 (4):639-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Flier JS, Eastman RC, Minaker KL, Matteson D, Rowe JW. Acanthosis nigricans in obese women with hyperandrogenism. Characterization of an insulin-resistant state distinct from the type A and B syndromes. Diabetes. 1985 Feb. 34(2):101-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Barbieri RL, Ryan KJ. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans syndrome: a common endocrinopathy with distinct pathophysiologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Sep 1. 147(1):90-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Legro RS. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: treating a phenotype without a genotype. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998 Oct 25. 145(1-2):103-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Barth JH, Jenkins M, Belchetz PE. Ovarian hyperthecosis, diabetes and hirsuties in post-menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Feb. 46(2):123-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Lobo RA. Ovarian hyperandrogenism and androgen-producing tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1991 Dec. 20(4):773-805. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Speiser PW, White PC. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med. 2003 Aug 21. 349(8):776-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Azziz R, Dewailly D, Owerbach D. Clinical review 56: Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia: current concepts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Apr. 78(4):810-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Kamrath C, Wettstaedt L, Boettcher C, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA. Androgen excess is due to elevated 11-oxygenated androgens in treated children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018 Apr. 178:221-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Howlett TA, Rees LH, Besser GM. Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Nov. 14(4):911-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Reyss AC, Dewailly D. Cushing's Syndrome, Acromegaly, and Androgen Excess. Azziz R, Dewailly D. Contemporary Endocrinology: Androgen Excess Disorders in Women:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Other Disorders. 2nd. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Incorp; 2006. 87-7.

61. Orth DN. Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 23. 332(12):791-803. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Derksen J, Nagesser SK, Meinders AE, Haak HR, van de Velde CJ. Identification of virilizing adrenal tumors in hirsute women. N Engl J Med. 1994 Oct 13. 331(15):968-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Latronico AC, Chrousos GP. Extensive personal experience: adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 May. 82(5):1317-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Wu CH. Plasma androgens, progestins, and prolactin in hirsutism. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1982 Sep. 13(6):377-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Hagag P, Hertzianu I, Ben-Shlomo A, Weiss M. Androgen suppression and clinical improvement with dopamine agonists in hyperandrogenic-hyperprolactinemic women. J Reprod Med. 2001 Jul. 46(7):678-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Kanova N, Bicíkova M. Hyperandrogenic states in pregnancy. Physiol Res. 2011. 60(2):243-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Martin KA, Chang RJ, Ehrmann DA, Ibanez L, Lobo RA, Rosenfield RL, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr. 93(4):1105-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. The evaluation and treatment of androgen excess. Fertil Steril. 2006 Nov. 86(5 Suppl 1):S241-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Escobar-Morreale HF, Carmina E, Dewailly D, et al. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hirsutism: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society. Hum Reprod Update. 2012 Mar. 18(2):146-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. [Guideline] ACOG technical bulletin. Evaluation and treatment of hirsute. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. June. 49:341-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Hoffman DI, Klove K, Lobo RA. The prevalence and significance of elevated dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in anovulatory women. Fertil Steril. 1984 Jul. 42(1):76-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Hunter MH, Carek PJ. Evaluation and treatment of women with hirsutism. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Jun 15. 67(12):2565-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Azziz R, Hincapie LA, Knochenhauer ES, Dewailly D, Fox L, Boots LR. Screening for 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia among hyperandrogenic women: a prospective study. Fertil Steril. 1999 Nov. 72(5):915-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Benacerraf BR, Finkler NJ, Wojciechowski C, Knapp RC. Sonographic accuracy in the diagnosis of ovarian masses. J Reprod Med. 1990 May. 35(5):491-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Blake MA, Holalkere NS, Boland GW. Imaging techniques for adrenal lesion characterization. Radiol Clin North Am. 2008 Jan. 46(1):65-78, vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Position Statement on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Consequences of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2005 Mar-Apr. 11(2):126-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Salley KE, Wickham EP, Cheang KI, Essah PA, Karjane NW, Nestler JE. Glucose intolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome--a position statement of the Androgen Excess Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Dec. 92(12):4546-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul. 32(7):1327-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

79. Mortada R, Comerford K, Kallail KJ, Karakas SE. Utility of hemoglobin-A1C in nondiabetic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2013 Mar-Apr. 19(2):284-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Celik C, Abali R, Bastu E, Tasdemir N, Tasdemir UG, Gul A. Assessment of impaired glucose tolerance prevalence with hemoglobin A1c and oral glucose tolerance test in 252 Turkish women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study. Hum Reprod. 2013 Apr. 28(4):1062-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Kim JJ, Choi YM, Cho YM, Jung HS, Chae SJ, Hwang KR, et al. Prevalence of elevated glycated hemoglobin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2012 May. 27(5):1439-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Waldstreicher J, Santoro NF, Hall JE, Filicori M, Crowley WF Jr. Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Jan. 66(1):165-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Ibanez L, Potau N, Zampolli M, Prat N, Gussinye M, Saenger P, et al. Source localization of androgen excess in adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Dec. 79(6):1778-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Shenenberger DW, Utecht LM. Removal of unwanted facial hair. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Nov 15. 66(10):1907-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Christ JP, Falcone T. Bariatric Surgery Improves Hyperandrogenism, Menstrual Irregularities, and Metabolic Dysfunction Among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Obes Surg. 2018 Mar 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Pasquali R, Antenucci D, Casimirri F, Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Fabbri R, et al. Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989 Jan. 68(1):173-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995 Feb 1. 273(5):402-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod. 1998 Jun. 13(6):1502-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Lundgren JA, Kim SH, Burt Solorzano CM, McCartney CR, Marshall JC. Progesterone Suppression of Luteinizing Hormone Pulse Frequency in Adolescent Girls With Hyperandrogenism: Effects of Metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Jan 1. 103 (1):263-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

90. Cumming DC, Yang JC, Rebar RW, Yen SS. Treatment of hirsutism with spironolactone. JAMA. 1982 Mar 5. 247(9):1295-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Board JA, Rosenberg SM, Smeltzer JS. Spironolactone and estrogen-progestin therapy for hirsutism. South Med J. 1987 Apr. 80(4):483-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Cusan L, Dupont A, Gomez JL, Tremblay RR, Labrie F. Comparison of flutamide and spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 1994 Feb. 61(2):281-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Van der Spuy ZM, le Roux PA. Cyproterone acetate for hirsutism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. CD001125. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Wysowski DK, Freiman JP, Tourtelot JB, Horton ML 3rd. Fatal and nonfatal hepatotoxicity associated with flutamide. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Jun 1. 118(11):860-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Fulghesu AM, Melis F, Murru G, Canu E, Melis GB. Very low dose of flutamide in the treatment of hyperandrogenism. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2017 Nov 6. 1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Wong IL, Morris RS, Chang L, Spahn MA, Stanczyk FZ, Lobo RA. A prospective randomized trial comparing finasteride to spironolactone in the treatment of hirsute women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Jan. 80(1):233-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Erenus M, Yücelten D, Durmusoglu F, Gürbüz O. Comparison of finasteride versus spironolactone in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Fertil Steril. 1997 Dec. 68(6):1000-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Erickson GF, Magoffin DA, Dyer CA, Hofeditz C. The ovarian androgen producing cells: a review of structure/function relationships. Endocr Rev. 1985 Summer. 6(3):371-99. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Nestler JE, Powers LP, Matt DW, Steingold KA, Plymate SR, Rittmaster RS, et al. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Jan. 72(1):83-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Ehrmann DA, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, Sturis J, Rosenfield RL, Polonsky KS. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Feb. 82(2):524-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Ibanez L, Valls C, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Sensitization to insulin in adolescent girls to normalize hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Oct. 85(10):3526-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Biscotti D, Vicennati V, Gagliardi L, Colitta D, et al. Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution, and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Aug. 85(8):2767-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Sturrock ND, Lannon B, Fay TN. Metformin does not enhance ovulation induction in clomiphene resistant polycystic ovary syndrome in clinical practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 May. 53(5):469-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Costello M, Shrestha B, Eden J, Sjoblom P, Johnson N. Insulin-sensitising drugs versus the combined oral contraceptive pill for hirsutism, acne and risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer in polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24. CD005552. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Cosma M, Swiglo BA, Flynn DN, Kurtz DM, Labella ML, Mullan RJ, et al. Clinical review: Insulin sensitizers for the treatment of hirsutism: a systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr. 93(4):1135-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Mohamed Yahya Abdel-Rahman, MD, MSc Research Fellow, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Lecturer, Sohag University School of Medicine, Egypt

Mohamed Yahya Abdel-Rahman, MD, MSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Society for Reproductive Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William W Hurd, MD, MSc, MPH Professor and Director, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center

William W Hurd, MD, MSc, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, AAGL, Society of Reproductive Surgeons, Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Reproductive Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Steven R Feldman, MD, PhD Professor, Departments of Dermatology, Pathology and Public Health Sciences, and Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest Baptist Health; Director, Center for Dermatology Research, Director of Industry Relations, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Steven R Feldman, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, North Carolina Medical Society, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Amgen for consulting; Received honoraria from Abbvie for consulting; Received honoraria from Galderma for speaking and teaching; Received consulting fee from Lilly for consulting; Received ownership interest from www.DrScore.com for management position; Received ownership interest from Causa Reseasrch for management position; Received grant/research funds from Janssen for consulting; Received honoraria from Pfizer for speaking and teaching; Received consulting fee from No.

Richard Scott Lucidi, MD, FACOG Associate Professor of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

Richard Scott Lucidi, MD, FACOG is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Society for Reproductive Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arash Taheri, MD Research Fellow, Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article