Rizvi S, Khan SA, Hallemeier CL, Kelley RK, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma - evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb. 15 (2):95-111. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Razumilava N, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet. 2014 Jun 21. 383 (9935):2168-79. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Blechacz B, Gores GJ. Tumors of the Bile Ducts, Gallbladder, and Ampulla. In: Fledman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. 1171-83.
Patel T, Borad MJ. Cancer of the Biliary Tree. DeVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, eds. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 10th. Philadelphia, Pa: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015. 715-33.
Banales JM, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Marzioni M, Andersen JB, et al. Expert consensus document: Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA). Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 May. 13 (5):261-80. [Medline].
Klatskin G. Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation within the porta hepatis. An unusual tumor with distinctive clinical and pathological features. Am J Med. 1965 Feb. 38:241-56. [Medline].
Clary B, Jarnigan W, Pitt H, et al. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004 Mar-Apr. 8(3):298-302. [Medline].
Doherty B, Nambudiri VE, Palmer WC. Update on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017 Jan. 19 (1):2. [Medline].
Singal AK, Vauthey JN, Grady JJ, Stroehlein JR. Intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma--frequency and demographic patterns: thirty-year data from the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011 Jul. 137(7):1071-8. [Medline].
Mimaki S, Totsuka Y, Suzuki Y, Nakai C, Goto M, Kojima M, et al. Hypermutation and unique mutational signatures of occupational cholangiocarcinoma in printing workers exposed to haloalkanes. Carcinogenesis. 2016 Aug. 37 (8):817-26. [Medline].
Kim TS, Pak JH, Kim JB, Bahk YY. Clonorchis sinensis, an Oriental Liver Fluke, as a Human Biological Agent (Carcinogen) of Cholangiocarcinoma: A Brief Review. BMB Rep. 2016 Jul 7. [Medline].
Cancer Facts & Figures 2019. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2019/cancer-facts-and-figures-2019.pdf. Accessed: December 27, 2019.
McGee EE, Castro FA, Engels EA, Freedman ND, Pfeiffer RM, Nogueira L, et al. Associations between autoimmune conditions and hepatobiliary cancer risk among elderly US adults. Int J Cancer. 2018 Aug 28. [Medline].
Koshiol J, Ferreccio C, Devesa SS, Roa JC, Fraumeni JF Jr. Biliary Tract Cancer. Thun MJ, Linet MS, Cerhan JR, Haiman CA, Schottenfeld D, eds. Cancer. Epidemiology and Prevention. 4th Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2018. 661-671.
Chalasani N, Baluyut A, Ismail A, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a multicenter case-control study. Hepatology. 2000 Jan. 31(1):7-11. [Medline].
Travis LB, Hauptmann M, Gaul LK, Storm HH, Goldman MB, Nyberg U, et al. Site-specific cancer incidence and mortality after cerebral angiography with radioactive thorotrast. Radiat Res. 2003 Dec. 160(6):691-706. [Medline].
Li JS, Han TJ, Jing N, Li L, Zhang XH, Ma FZ, et al. Obesity and the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2014 Apr 13. [Medline].
Ramage JK, Donaghy A, Farrant JM, Iorns R, Williams R. Serum tumor markers for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 1995 Mar. 108 (3):865-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Bergquist JR, Ivanics T, Storlie CB, Groeschl RT, Tee MC, Habermann EB, et al. Implications of CA19-9 elevation for survival, staging, and treatment sequencing in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A national cohort analysis. J Surg Oncol. 2016 Jul 20. [Medline].
Li CX, Zhang H, Wang K, Wang X, Li XC. Preoperative Bilirubin Level Predicts Overall Survival and Tumor Recurrence After Resection for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Patients. Cancer Manag Res. 2019. 11:10157-10165. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Keiding S, Hansen SB, Rasmussen HH, et al. Detection of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis by positron emission tomography. Hepatology. 1998 Sep. 28(3):700-6. [Medline].
Petrowsky H, Wildbrett P, Husarik DB. Impact of Integrated PET and CT on staging and management of glabladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2006. Epub Apr 19:
Fritscher-Ravens A, Broering DC, Knoefel WT, et al. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of suspected hilar cholangiocarcinoma in potentially operable patients with negative brush cytology. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jan. 99(1):45-51. [Medline].
American Joint Committee on Cancer. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Edition. New York: Springer; 2017.
Simmons DT, Baron TH, Peterson BT. A Novel Endoscopic Approach to Brachytherapy in the Management of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006. Epub ahead of print:
Butros SR, Shenoy-Bhangle A, Mueller PR, Arellano RS. Radiofrequency ablation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: feasability, local tumor control, and long-term outcome. Clin Imaging. 2014 Feb 7. [Medline].
Kida M, Miyazawa S, Iwai T, et al. Endoscopic management of malignant biliary obstruction by means of covered metallic stents: primary stent placement vs. re-intervention. Endoscopy. 2011 Dec. 43(12):1039-44. [Medline].
Ortner MA, Liebetruth J, Schreiber S, et al. Photodynamic therapy of nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1998 Mar. 114(3):536-42. [Medline].
Ortner ME, Caca K, Berr F, et al. Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2003 Nov. 125(5):1355-63. [Medline].
Smart AC, Goyal L, Horick N, Petkovska N, Zhu AX, Ferrone CR, et al. Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Unresectable/Locally Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2019 Dec 23. [Medline].
Jackson MW, Amini A, Jones BL, Rusthoven CG, Schefter TE, Goodman KA. Treatment Selection and Survival Outcomes With and Without Radiation for Unresectable, Localized Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer J. 2016 Jul-Aug. 22 (4):237-42. [Medline].
Mosconi C, Gramenzi A, Ascanio S, Cappelli A, Renzulli M, Pettinato C, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for unresectable/recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a survival, efficacy and safety study. Br J Cancer. 2016 Jul 26. 115 (3):297-302. [Medline].
Thongprasert S, Napapan S, Charoentum C, Moonprakan S. Phase II study of gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy in inoperable biliary tract carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2005 Feb. 16(2):279-81. [Medline].
Thongprasert S. The role of chemotherapy in cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2005. 16 Suppl 2:ii93-6. [Medline].
Rangarajan K, Simmons G, Manas D, Malik H, Hamady ZZ. Systemic adjuvant chemotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019 Nov 15. [Medline].
[Guideline] NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Hepatobiliary Cancers. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/hepatobiliary.pdf. Version 1.2020 — March 23, 2020; Accessed: April 20, 2020.
Abou-Alfa GK, Sahai V, Hollebecque A, Vaccaro G, Melisi D, Al-Rajabi R, et al. Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Mar 20. [Medline].
Heimbach JK, Haddock MG, Alberts SR, et al. Transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2004 Oct. 10(10 Suppl 2):S65-8. [Medline].
Shen WF, Zhong W, Liu Q, Sui CJ, Huang YQ, Yang JM. Adjuvant Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma after Curative Surgery: Retrospective Control Study. World J Surg. 2011 Jun 23. [Medline].
Seshadri RA, Majhi U. Endobiliary metastasis from rectal cancer mimicking intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a case report and review of literature. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2009. 40 (3-4):123-7. [Medline].
Anderson MA, Appalaneni V, Ben-Menachem T, Decker GA, Early DS, Evans JA, et al. The role of endoscopy in the evaluation and treatment of patients with biliary neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Feb. 77 (2):167-74. [Medline].
[Guideline] Valle JW, Borbath I, Khan SA, Huguet F, Gruenberger T, Arnold D, et al. Biliary cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016 Sep. 27 (suppl 5):v28-v37. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Polistina FA, Guglielmi R, Baiocchi C, et al. Chemoradiation treatment with gemcitabine plus stereotactic body radiotherapy for unresectable, non-metastatic, locally advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Results of a five year experience. Radiother Oncol. 2011 May. 99(2):120-3. [Medline].
Atanasov G, Schierle K, Hau HM, Dietel C, Krenzien F, Brandl A, et al. Prognostic Significance of Tumor Necrosis in Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016 Aug 1. [Medline].
Ghafoori AP, Nelson JW, Willett CG, et al. Radiotherapy in the treatment of patients with unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Nov 1. 81(3):654-9. [Medline].
McMillan DC. The systemic inflammation-based Glasgow Prognostic Score: a decade of experience in patients with cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2013 Aug. 39 (5):534-40. [Medline].
Templeton AJ, McNamara MG, Šeruga B, Vera-Badillo FE, Aneja P, Ocaña A, et al. Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014 Jun. 106 (6):dju124. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Okuno M, Ebata T, Yokoyama Y, Igami T, Sugawara G, Mizuno T, et al. Appraisal of inflammation-based prognostic scores in patients with unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2016 Jul 30. [Medline].
Gunderson LL, Willett CG. Pancreas and hepatobiliary tract. Perez CA, Brady LW, et al. Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1998: 1467-1488.
Lillemoe K, Kennedy A, Picus J. Clinical management of carcinoma of the biliary tree. Kelsen DP, Daly JM, Kern SE, et al. Gastrointestinal Oncology: Principles and Practices. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.
Uchida M, Ishibashi M, Tomita N, et al. Hilar and suprapancreatic cholangiocarcinoma: value of 3D angiography and multiphase fusion images using MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005 May. 184(5):1572-7. [Medline].