PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Colon Cancer Treatment–Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute. Available at http://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colon-treatment-pdq. January 22, 2020; Accessed: February 19, 2020.
Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Morton RF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jan 1. 22(1):23-30. [Medline].
Haller DG, Catalano PJ, Macdonald JS, O'Rourke MA, Frontiera MS, Jackson DV. Phase III study of fluorouracil, leucovorin, and levamisole in high-risk stage II and III colon cancer: final report of Intergroup 0089. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Dec 1. 23(34):8671-8. [Medline].
Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 3. 350(23):2335-42. [Medline].
[Guideline] Desch CE, Benson AB 3rd, Somerfield MR, et al. Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 20. 23(33):8512-9. [Medline].
Sanoff HK, Sargent DJ, Campbell ME, et al. Five-year data and prognostic factor analysis of oxaliplatin and irinotecan combinations for advanced colorectal cancer: N9741. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Dec 10. 26(35):5721-7. [Medline].
Chu, E and DeVita VT. Physicians’ cancer chemotherapy drug manual. Jones and Bartlett publishers. 2008.
Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Preisinger AC, Leppert M, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988 Sep 1. 319(9):525-32. [Medline].
Burn J, Bishop DT, Mecklin JP, Macrae F, et al. Effect of aspirin or resistant starch on colorectal neoplasia in the Lynch syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2008 Dec 11. 359(24):2567-78. [Medline].
Meyerhardt JA, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, et al. Association of dietary patterns with cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer. JAMA. 2007 Aug 15. 298(7):754-64. [Medline].
Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, et al. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 2011 Nov 10. 343:d6617. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Pala V, Sieri S, Berrino F, et al. Yogurt consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in the Italian European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort. Int J Cancer. 2011 Dec 1. 129(11):2712-9. [Medline].
Harrison P. Proinflammatory Diet Contributes to CRC Risk in Both Sexes. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/891665. January 23, 2018; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
Tabung FK, Liu L, Wang W, Fung TT, Wu K, Smith-Warner SA, et al. Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential With Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men and Women. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Jan 18. [Medline].
Tsoi KK, Pau CY, Wu WK, Chan FK, Griffiths S, Sung JJ. Cigarette smoking and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Jun. 7(6):682-688.e1-5. [Medline].
Cho E, Lee JE, Rimm EB, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL. Alcohol consumption and the risk of colon cancer by family history of colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb. 95(2):413-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Yuhara H, Steinmaus C, Cohen SE, Corley DA, Tei Y, Buffler PA. Is diabetes mellitus an independent risk factor for colon cancer and rectal cancer?. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov. 106(11):1911-21; quiz 1922. [Medline].
Jacobs ET, Ahnen DJ, Ashbeck EL, Baron JA, Greenberg ER, Lance P, et al. Association between body mass index and colorectal neoplasia at follow-up colonoscopy: a pooling study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Mar 15. 169(6):657-66. [Medline].
Bailly L, Fabre R, Pradier C, Iannelli A. Colorectal Cancer Risk Following Bariatric Surgery in a Nationwide Study of French Individuals With Obesity. JAMA Surg. 2020 Mar 11. [Medline].
Morikawa T, Kuchiba A, Lochhead P, et al. Prospective Analysis of Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Colorectal Cancer Risk Associated with ß-Catenin (CTNNB1) Status. Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 1. 73(5):1600-10. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Goncalves MD, Lu C, Tutnauer J, Hartman TE, Hwang SK, Murphy CJ, et al. High-fructose corn syrup enhances intestinal tumor growth in mice. Science. 2019 Mar 22. 363 (6433):1345-1349. [Medline].
Zhang J, Haines C, Watson AJM, Hart AR, Platt MJ, Pardoll DM, et al. Oral antibiotic use and risk of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom, 1989-2012: a matched case-control study. Gut. 2019 Aug 19. [Medline].
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colorectal Cancer. National Cancer Institute. Available at http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html. Accessed: February 19, 2020.
Cancer Facts & Figures 2020. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2020/cancer-facts-and-figures-2020.pdf. Accessed: February 19, 2020.
Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Anderson WF, Miller KD, Ma J, Rosenberg PS, et al. Colorectal Cancer Incidence Patterns in the United States, 1974–2013. J Natl Cancer Inst. 28 February 2017. 109:[Full Text].
Kahi CJ, Pohl H, Myers LJ, Mobarek D, Robertson DJ, Imperiale TF. Colonoscopy and Colorectal Cancer Mortality in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System: A Case-Control Study. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Mar 13. [Medline].
World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Colorectal Cancer: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available at http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/10_8_9-Colorectum-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed: May 21, 2019.
Malvezzi M, Carioli G, Bertuccio P, Boffetta P, Levi F, La Vecchia C, et al. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2018 with focus on colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2018 Mar 19. [Medline]. [Full Text].
DeSantis CE, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019 May. 69 (3):211-233. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019 Jan. 69 (1):7-34. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Fedewa SA, Butterly LF, Anderson JC, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Mar 5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Meester RGS, Mannalithara A, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Ladabaum U. Trends in Incidence and Stage at Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in Adults Aged 40 Through 49 Years, 1975-2015. JAMA. 2019 May 21. 321 (19):1933-1934. [Medline].
Chua TC, Saxena A, Chu F, Zhao J, Morris DL. Predictors of cure after hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases: an analysis of actual 5- and 10-year survivors. J Surg Oncol. 2011 Jun. 103(8):796-800. [Medline].
Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, Brennan MF, Blumgart LH. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg. 1999 Sep. 230(3):309-18; discussion 318-21. [Medline].
Aggarwal C, Meropol NJ, Punt CJ, Iannotti N, Saidman BH, Sabbath KD, et al. Relationship among circulating tumor cells, CEA and overall survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct 1. [Medline].
Katz SC, Bamboat ZM, Maker AV, Shia J, Pillarisetty VG, Yopp AC, et al. Regulatory T Cell Infiltration Predicts Outcome Following Resection of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012 Sep 26. [Medline].
Yothers G, Sargent DJ, Wolmark N, et al. Outcomes Among Black Patients With Stage II and III Colon Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: An Analysis of ACCENT Adjuvant Trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Oct 19. 103(20):1498-1506. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Campbell PT, Newton CC, Dehal AN, et al. Impact of body mass index on survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis: the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jan 1. 30(1):42-52. [Medline].
Campbell PT, Patel AV, Newton CC, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM. Associations of recreational physical activity and leisure time spent sitting with colorectal cancer survival. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Mar 1. 31(7):876-85. [Medline].
Morikawa T, Kuchiba A, Yamauchi M, et al. Association of CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) alterations, body mass index, and physical activity with survival in patients with colorectal cancer. JAMA. 2011 Apr 27. 305(16):1685-94. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Rothwell PM, Fowkes GR, Belch JF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP, Meade TW. Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. Lancet. Dec 7/2010; Early online publication. [Full Text].
Burn J, Gerdes AM, Macrae F, et al. Long-term effect of aspirin on cancer risk in carriers of hereditary colorectal cancer: an analysis from the CAPP2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Dec 17. 378(9809):2081-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Baillargeon J, Kuo YF, Lin YL, et al. Effect of mental disorders on diagnosis, treatment, and survival of older adults with colon cancer. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Jul. 59(7):1268-73. [Medline].
Phipps AI, Baron J, Newcomb PA. Prediagnostic smoking history, alcohol consumption, and colorectal cancer survival: The Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry. Cancer. 2011 Nov 1. 117(21):4948-57. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Dehal AN, Newton CC, Jacobs EJ, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus and insulin use on survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis: the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jan 1. 30(1):53-9. [Medline].
Arhi CS, Ziprin P, Bottle A, Burns EM, Aylin P, Darzi A. Colorectal cancer patients under the age of 50 experience delays in primary care leading to emergency diagnoses: a population-based study. Colorectal Dis. 2019 Aug 6. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, Schoenfeld PS, Burke CA, Inadomi JM. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected]. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar. 104(3):739-50. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Mulcahy N. Test all colorectal cancers for Lynch syndrome. NCCN: Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/821981. March 14, 2014; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
Umar A, Boland CR, Terdiman JP, Syngal S, de la Chapelle A, Rüschoff J, et al. Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Feb 18. 96(4):261-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Thirunavukarasu P, Sukumar S, Sathaiah M, Mahan M, Pragatheeshwar KD, Pingpank JF, et al. C-stage in Colon Cancer: Implications of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Biomarker in Staging, Prognosis, and Management. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Apr 20. 103(8):689-97. [Medline].
Littlejohn C, Hilton S, Macfarlane GJ, Phull P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for flexible sigmoidoscopy as a screening method for the prevention of colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2012 Sep 21. [Medline].
Holme O, et al for the NORCCAP Study Group. Long-Term Effectiveness of Sigmoidoscopy Screening on Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Women and Men: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 24 April 2018. [Full Text].
Wilschut JA, Habbema JD, van Leerdam ME, et al. Fecal occult blood testing when colonoscopy capacity is limited. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Dec 7. 103(23):1741-51. [Medline].
Jensen CD, Corley DA, Quinn VP, Doubeni CA, Zauber AG, Lee JK, et al. Fecal Immunochemical Test Program Performance Over 4 Rounds of Annual Screening: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Jan 26. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Corley DA, Jensen CD, Quinn VP, Doubeni CA, Zauber AG, Lee JK, et al. Association Between Time to Colonoscopy After a Positive Fecal Test Result and Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Cancer Stage at Diagnosis. JAMA. 2017 Apr 25. 317 (16):1631-1641. [Medline].
Douglas D. Clopidogrel Boosts Bleeding Risk After Polypectomy. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/782323. Accessed: April 24, 2013.
Gandhi S, Narula N, Mosleh W, Marshall JK, Farkouh M. Meta-analysis: colonoscopic post-polypectomy bleeding in patients on continued clopidogrel therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 May. 37(10):947-52. [Medline].
Nelson R. FDA Approves Cologuard for Colorectal Cancer Screening. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/829757. August 11, 2014; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
Brooks M. FDA Clears First Blood-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Test. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/861942. April 14, 2016; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
[Guideline] Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008 May-Jun. 58(3):130-60. [Medline].
McNamara D. Start Colon Cancer Screening at Age 45, Evidence Suggests. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/887768. October 30, 2017; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
Lasser KE, Murillo J, Lisboa S, et al. Colorectal cancer screening among ethnically diverse, low-income patients: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2011 May 23. 171(10):906-12. [Medline].
Spada C, De Vincentis F, Cesaro P, Hassan C, Riccioni ME, Minelli Grazioli L, et al. Accuracy and safety of second-generation PillCam COLON capsule for colorectal polyp detection. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2012 May. 5(3):173-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Gupta S, Lieberman D, Anderson JC, Burke CA, Dominitz JA, Kaltenbach T, et al. Recommendations for Follow-Up After Colonoscopy and Polypectomy: A Consensus Update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2020 Feb 5. 143(3):844-57. [Medline].
[Guideline] Sepulveda AR, Hamilton SR, Allegra CJ, Grody W, Cushman-Vokoun AM, Funkhouser WK, et al. Molecular Biomarkers for the Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer: Guideline From the American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2017 May 1. 35 (13):1453-1486. [Medline]. [Full Text].
American Joint Committee on Cancer. Colon and Rectum. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.
Ogino S, Kawasaki T, Kirkner GJ, Ohnishi M, Fuchs CS. 18q loss of heterozygosity in microsatellite stable colorectal cancer is correlated with CpG island methylator phenotype-negative (CIMP-0) and inversely with CIMP-low and CIMP-high. BMC Cancer. 2007 May 2. 7:72. [Medline].
Jimeno A, Messersmith WA, Hirsch FR, Franklin WA, Eckhardt SG. KRAS Mutations and Sensitivity to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer: Practical Application of Patient Selection. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jan 5. [Medline].
Quasar Collaborative Group, Gray R, Barnwell J, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Lancet. 2007 Dec 15. 370(9604):2020-9. [Medline].
Saltz LB, Kelsen DP. Adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer. Annu Rev Med. 1997. 48:191-202. [Medline].
Ribic CM, Sargent DJ, Moore MJ, et al. Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jul 17. 349(3):247-57. [Medline].
Mlecnik B, Tosolini M, Kirilovsky A, Berger A, Bindea G, Meatchi T, et al. Histopathologic-based prognostic factors of colorectal cancers are associated with the state of the local immune reaction. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb 20. 29(6):610-8. [Medline].
Le Voyer TE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL, et al. Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Aug 1. 21(15):2912-9. [Medline].
Gunderson LL, Jessup JM, Sargent DJ, Greene FL, Stewart AK. Revised TN categorization for colon cancer based on national survival outcomes data. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 10. 28(2):264-71. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hugen N, van de Velde CJ, de Wilt JH, Nagtegaal ID. Metastatic pattern in colorectal cancer is strongly influenced by histological subtype. Ann Oncol. 2014 Mar. 25(3):651-7. [Medline].
Boggs W. Histology influences colorectal cancer metastatic pattern. Reuters Health Information. March 11, 2014. [Full Text].
Boller AM, Nelson H. Colon and rectal cancer: laparoscopic or open?. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Nov 15. 13(22 Pt 2):6894s-6s. [Medline].
Fleshman J, Sargent DJ, Green E, Anvari M, Stryker SJ, Beart RW Jr. Laparoscopic colectomy for cancer is not inferior to open surgery based on 5-year data from the COST Study Group trial. Ann Surg. 2007 Oct. 246(4):655-62; discussion 662-4. [Medline].
Jayne DG, Guillou PJ, Thorpe H, et al. Randomized trial of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal carcinoma: 3-year results of the UK MRC CLASICC Trial Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 20. 25(21):3061-8. [Medline].
Kuhry E, Schwenk WF, Gaupset R, Romild U, Bonjer HJ. Long-term results of laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16. CD003432. [Medline].
Lacy AM, Delgado S, Castells A, et al. The long-term results of a randomized clinical trial of laparoscopy-assisted versus open surgery for colon cancer. Ann Surg. 2008 Jul. 248(1):1-7. [Medline].
Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC, et al. Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Jul. 6(7):477-84. [Medline].
Poultsides GA, Servais EL, Saltz LB, Patil S, Kemeny NE, Guillem JG. Outcome of Primary Tumor in Patients With Synchronous Stage IV Colorectal Cancer Receiving Combination Chemotherapy Without Surgery As Initial Treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jun 1. [Medline].
Nitzkorski JR, Farma JM, Watson JC, Siripurapu V, Zhu F, Matteotti RS, et al. Outcome and natural history of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy without primary tumor resection. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012 Feb. 19(2):379-83. [Medline].
Venderbosch S, de Wilt JH, Teerenstra S, et al. Prognostic value of resection of primary tumor in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer: retrospective analysis of two randomized studies and a review of the literature. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011 Nov. 18(12):3252-60. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Di Benedetto F, Berretta M, D'Amico G, et al. Liver resection for colorectal metastases in older adults: a paired matched analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Dec. 59(12):2282-90. [Medline].
Brouquet A, Overman MJ, Kopetz S, et al. Is resection of colorectal liver metastases after a second-line chemotherapy regimen justified?. Cancer. 2011 Oct 1. 117(19):4484-92. [Medline]. [Full Text].
House MG, Kemeny NE, Gonen M, et al. Comparison of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy with or without hepatic arterial infusional chemotherapy after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2011 Dec. 254(6):851-6. [Medline].
van Hooft JE, Bemelman WA, Oldenburg B, et al. Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Apr. 12(4):344-52. [Medline].
Sargent D, Sobrero A, Grothey A, O'Connell MJ, Buyse M, Andre T, et al. Evidence for cure by adjuvant therapy in colon cancer: observations based on individual patient data from 20,898 patients on 18 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20. 27(6):872-7. [Medline].
van Erning FN, Creemers GJ, De Hingh IH, Loosveld OJ, Goey SH, Lemmens VE. Reduced risk of distant recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage III colon cancer aged 75 years or older. Ann Oncol. 2013 Aug 8. [Medline].
André T, Iveson T, Labianca R, Meyerhardt JA, Souglakos I, Yoshino T, et al. The IDEA (International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy) Collaboration: Prospective Combined Analysis of Phase III Trials Investigating Duration of Adjuvant Therapy with the FOLFOX (FOLFOX4 or Modified FOLFOX6) or XELOX (3 versus 6 months) Regimen for Patients with Stage III Colon Cancer: Trial Design and Current Status. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2013. 9:261-269. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Colon Cancer. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/colon.pdf. Version 2.2020 — March 3, 2020; Accessed: April 14, 2020.
Benson AB 3rd, Schrag D, Somerfield MR, Cohen AM, Figueredo AT, Flynn PJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Aug 15. 22(16):3408-19. [Medline].
O'Connor ES, Greenblatt DY, LoConte NK, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer with poor prognostic features. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Sep 1. 29(25):3381-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Pawlik TM, Raut CP, Rodriguez-Bigas MA. Colorectal carcinogenesis: MSI-H versus MSI-L. Dis Markers. 2004. 20 (4-5):199-206. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Petrelli F, Labianca R, Zaniboni A, et al. Assessment of Duration and Effects of 3 vs 6 Months of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in High-Risk Stage II Colorectal Cancer: A Subgroup Analysis of the TOSCA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Feb 13. [Medline].
Kim GP, Sargent DJ, Mahoney MR, Rowland KM Jr, Philip PA, Mitchell E, et al. Phase III noninferiority trial comparing irinotecan with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma previously treated with fluorouracil: N9841. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jun 10. 27(17):2848-54. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Seymour MT, Thompson LC, Wasan HS, et al. Chemotherapy options in elderly and frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS2): an open-label, randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2011 May 21. 377(9779):1749-59. [Medline].
Mayer RJ, Van Cutsem E, Falcone A, Yoshino T, Garcia-Carbonero R, Mizunuma N, et al. Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 14. 372 (20):1909-19. [Medline].
Bennouna J, Sastre J, Arnold D, Osterlund P, Greil R, Van Cutsem E, et al. Continuation of bevacizumab after first progression in metastatic colorectal cancer (ML18147): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Jan. 14(1):29-37. [Medline].
Kabbinavar FF, Hurwitz HI, Yi J, Sarkar S, Rosen O. Addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil-based first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: pooled analysis of cohorts of older patients from two randomized clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jan 10. 27(2):199-205. [Medline].
Koopman M, Simkens L, May A, Mol L, van Tinteren H, Punt CJA, et al. Final results and subgroup analyses of the phase 3 CAIRO3 study: Maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab versus observation after induction treatment with chemotherapy and bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). (abstract LBA388). Presented at: 2014 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium (GICS); January 18, 2014; San Francisco, Calif. J Clin Oncol. 2014. 32 (suppl 3):abstr LBA388. [Full Text].
Nelson R. Maintenance chemo delays progression in metastatic CRC. Medscape Medical News. January 27, 2014. [Full Text].
Tebbutt NC, Murphy F, Zannino D, et al. Risk of arterial thromboembolic events in patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving bevacizumab. Ann Oncol. 2011 Aug. 22(8):1834-8. [Medline].
Allegra CJ, Yothers G, O'Connell MJ, Sharif S, Petrelli NJ, Colangelo LH, et al. Phase III trial assessing bevacizumab in stages II and III carcinoma of the colon: results of NSABP protocol C-08. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jan 1. 29(1):11-6. [Medline].
Stark, Angela. FDA approves first biosimilar for the treatment of cancer. FDA News Release. 09/14/2017. Available at https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm576112.htm.
Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 22. 351(4):337-45. [Medline].
Van Cutsem E, Köhne CH, Láng I, Folprecht G, Nowacki MP, Cascinu S, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 20. 29(15):2011-9. [Medline].
Van Cutsem E, Köhne CH, Hitre E, Zaluski J, Chang Chien CR, Makhson A, et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 2. 360(14):1408-17. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Lin AY, Buckley NS, Lu AT, et al. Effect of KRAS mutational status in advanced colorectal cancer on the outcomes of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2011 Mar 1. 10(1):63-9. [Medline].
Chustecka Z. FDA Approves Panitumumab for Use With FOLFOX in mCRC. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/825699. Accessed: June 2, 2014.
Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J, Tabernero J, Burkes R, Barugel M, et al. Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 1. 28(31):4697-705. [Medline].
Peeters M, Price TJ, Cervantes A, Sobrero AF, Ducreux M, Hotko Y, et al. Randomized phase III study of panitumumab with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 1. 28(31):4706-13. [Medline].
Price TJ, Peeters M, Kim TW, Li J, Cascinu S, Ruff P, et al. Panitumumab versus cetuximab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory wild-type KRAS exon 2 metastatic colorectal cancer (ASPECCT): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2014 May. 15(6):569-79. [Medline].
Hecht JR, Mitchell E, Chidiac T, Scroggin C, Hagenstad C, Spigel D, et al. A randomized phase IIIB trial of chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and panitumumab compared with chemotherapy and bevacizumab alone for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 10. 27(5):672-80. [Medline].
Bokemeyer C, Bondarenko I, Makhson A, Hartmann JT, Aparicio J, de Braud F, et al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with and without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 10. 27(5):663-71. [Medline].
Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S, Tabernero J, Burkes R, Barugel M, et al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 12. 369(11):1023-34. [Medline].
Kim TW, Elme A, Kusic Z, Park JO, Udrea AA, Kim SY, et al. A phase 3 trial evaluating panitumumab plus best supportive care vs best supportive care in chemorefractory wild-type KRAS or RAS metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2016 Nov 8. 115 (10):1206-1214. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Tabernero J, Yoshino T, Cohn AL, Obermannova R, Bodoky G, Garcia-Carbonero R, et al. Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Apr 10. [Medline].
Overman MJ, McDermott R, Leach JL, Lonardi S, Lenz HJ, Morse MA, et al. Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Jul 19. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Opdivo (nivolumab) [package insert]. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company: Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. 7/2017. Available at [Full Text].
Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Kemberling H, Eyring AD, et al. PD-1 Blockade in Tumors with Mismatch-Repair Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 25. 372 (26):2509-20. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Stivarga (regorafenib) [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc. September 2012. Available at [Full Text].
Grothey A, Sobrero AF, Salvatore S, Falcone A, Ychou M, Heinz-Josef L, et al. Results of a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial (CORRECT) of regorafenib plus best supportive care (BSC) versus placebo plus BSC in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who have progressed after standard therapies. J Clin Oncol 30, 2012 (suppl 4; abstr LBA385). [Full Text].
Patel A, Sun W. Ziv-aflibercept in metastatic colorectal cancer. Biologics. 2014. 8:13-25. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Van Cutsem E, et al. Aflibercept Plus FOLFIRI vs. Placebo Plus FOLFIRI in Second-Line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: a Post Hoc Analysis of Survival from the Phase III VELOUR Study Subsequent to Exclusion of Patients who had Recurrence During or Within 6 Months of Completing Adjuvant Oxaliplatin-Based Therapy. Target Oncol. 2016 Jun. 11 (3):383-400. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J, Lakomy R, Prenen H, Prausová J, Macarulla T, et al. Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Oct 1. 30(28):3499-506. [Medline].
FDA approves an oncology drug that targets a key genetic driver of cancer, rather than a specific type of tumor. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-oncology-drug-targets-key-genetic-driver-cancer-rather-specific-type-tumor. November 26, 2018; Accessed: June 5, 2019.
Kopetz S, Grothey A, Yaeger R, et al. Encorafenib, Binimetinib, and Cetuximab in BRAF V600E-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 24. 381 (17):1632-1643. [Medline].
Harrison P. HER2 Therapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: 'Extraordinary'. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/862774?nlid=104521_2203&src=WNL_mdplsnews_160506_mscpedit_honc&uac=72886PK&spon=7&impID=1087286&faf=1. May 3, 2016; Accessed: May 7, 2016.
Sartore-Bianchi A, Trusolino L, Martino C, Bencardino K, Lonardi S, et al. Dual-targeted therapy with trastuzumab and lapatinib in treatment-refractory, KRAS codon 12/13 wild-type, HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (HERACLES): a proof-of-concept, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Apr 20. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hendlisz A, Van den Eynde M, Peeters M, Maleux G, Lambert B, Vannoote J, et al. Phase III trial comparing protracted intravenous fluorouracil infusion alone or with yttrium-90 resin microspheres radioembolization for liver-limited metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 10. 28(23):3687-94. [Medline].
Song M, Wu K, Meyerhardt JA, Ogino S, Wang M, Fuchs CS, et al. Fiber Intake and Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis. JAMA Oncol. 2017 Nov 2. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Davenport L. High Fiber Intake Tied to Improved Colon Cancer Survival. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/888006. November 3, 2017; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
[Guideline] Meyerhardt JA, Mangu PB, Flynn PJ, Korde L, Loprinzi CL, Minsky BD, et al. Follow-Up Care, Surveillance Protocol, and Secondary Prevention Measures for Survivors of Colorectal Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Nov 12. [Medline].
[Guideline] Labianca R, Nordlinger B, Beretta GD, Mosconi S, Mandalà M, Cervantes A, et al. Early colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013 Oct. 24 Suppl 6:vi64-72. [Medline].
Chustecka Z. Guidelines for Follow-up of Colorectal Cancer Patients. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814359. Accessed: November 18, 2013.
Kirkegaard H, Johnsen NF, Christensen J, Frederiksen K, Overvad K, Tjonneland A. Association of adherence to lifestyle recommendations and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective Danish cohort study. BMJ. 2010 Oct 26. 341:c5504. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Meyerhardt JA, Heseltine D, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Saltz LB, Mayer RJ, et al. Impact of physical activity on cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: findings from CALGB 89803. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 1. 24(22):3535-41. [Medline].
Baron JA, Barry EL, Mott LA, Rees JR, Sandler RS, et al. A Trial of Calcium and Vitamin D for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 15. 373 (16):1519-30. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Barry EL, Peacock JL, Rees JR, Bostick RM, Robertson DJ, Bresalier RS, et al. Vitamin D Receptor Genotype, Vitamin D3 Supplementation, and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2016 Dec 15. [Medline].
Harrison P. Higher Vitamin D Levels Tied to Lower Colorectal Cancer Risk. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/898099. June 15, 2018; Accessed: June 19, 2018.
McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ, Fedirko V, Wang M, et al. Circulating Vitamin D and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An International Pooling Project of 17 Cohorts. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018 Jun 14. [Medline].
Arber N, Spicak J, Rácz I, Zavoral M, Breazna A, Gerletti P, et al. Five-year analysis of the prevention of colorectal sporadic adenomatous polyps trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jun. 106(6):1135-46. [Medline].
Flossmann E, Rothwell PM. Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies. Lancet. 2007 May 12. 369(9573):1603-13. [Medline].
Cole BF, Logan RF, Halabi S, Benamouzig R, Sandler RS, Grainge MJ, et al. Aspirin for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas: meta-analysis of the randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Feb 18. 101(4):256-66. [Medline].
Zhang X, Smith-Warner SA, Chan AT, et al. Aspirin Use, Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, Plasma C-Peptide, and Colon Cancer Risk in US Health Professionals. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Aug 15. 174(4):459-67. [Medline].
Nishihara R, Lochhead P, Kuchiba A, Jung S, Yamauchi M, Liao X, et al. Aspirin use and risk of colorectal cancer according to BRAF mutation status. JAMA. 2013 Jun 26. 309(24):2563-71. [Medline].
Cook NR, Lee IM, Zhang SM, Moorthy MV, Buring JE. Alternate-Day, Low-Dose Aspirin and Cancer Risk: Long-Term Observational Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jul 16. 159(2):77-85. [Medline].
Meyskens FL Jr, McLaren CE, Pelot D, Fujikawa-Brooks S, Carpenter PM, Hawk E, et al. Difluoromethylornithine plus sulindac for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2008 Jun. 1(1):32-8. [Medline].
[Guideline] American Cancer Society Guideline for Colorectal Cancer Screening. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/acs-recommendations.html. May 30, 2018; Accessed: May 25, 2019.
[Guideline] US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW Jr, et al. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2016 Jun 21. 315 (23):2564-75. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Wilt TJ, Harris RP, Qaseem A, High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Screening for cancer: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 May 19. 162 (10):718-25. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Colorectal Cancer Screening. NCCN. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/colorectal_screening.pdf. Version 2.2017 — November 14, 2017; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
[Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Genetic/Familial High Risk Assessment: Colorectal. NCCN. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/genetics_colon.pdf. Version 1.2018 — October 3, 2017; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
[Guideline] Rubenstein JH, Enns R, Heidelbaugh J, Barkun A, Clinical Guidelines Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Lynch Syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2015 Sep. 149 (3):777-82; quiz e16-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Balmaña J, Balaguer F, Cervantes A, Arnold D, ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Familial risk-colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2013 Oct. 24 Suppl 6:vi73-80. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Stoffel EM, Mangu PB, Gruber SB, Hamilton SR, Kalady MF, Lau MW, et al. Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline endorsement of the familial risk-colorectal cancer: European Society for Medical Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jan 10. 33 (2):209-17. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, Giardiello FM, Hampel HL, Burt RW, et al. ACG clinical guideline: Genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb. 110 (2):223-62; quiz 263. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Rutter MD, East J, Rees CJ, Cripps N, Docherty J, Dolwani S, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology/Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland/Public Health England post-polypectomy and post-colorectal cancer resection surveillance guidelines. Gut. 2020 Feb. 69 (2):201-223. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Church J, Simmang C, Standards Task Force, American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Collaborative Group of the Americas on Inherited Colorectal Cancer and the Standards Committee of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Practice parameters for the treatment of patients with dominantly inherited colorectal cancer (familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). Dis Colon Rectum. 2003 Aug. 46 (8):1001-12. [Medline].
Chang GJ, Kaiser AM, Mills S, Rafferty JF, Buie WD, Standards Practice Task Force of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Practice parameters for the management of colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012 Aug. 55 (8):831-43. [Medline].
[Guideline] Steele SR, Chang GJ, Hendren S, Weiser M, Irani J, Buie WD, et al. Practice Guideline for the Surveillance of Patients After Curative Treatment of Colon and Rectal Cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015 Aug. 58 (8):713-25. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Kahi CJ, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, Giardiello FM, Johnson DA, Kaltenbach T, et al. Colonoscopy Surveillance After Colorectal Cancer Resection: Recommendations of the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2016 Mar. 150 (3):758-768.e11. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Allegra CJ, Rumble RB, Hamilton SR, Mangu PB, Roach N, Hantel A, et al. Extended RAS Gene Mutation Testing in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma to Predict Response to Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion Update 2015. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jan 10. 34 (2):179-85. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Van Cutsem E, Cervantes A, Adam R, et al. ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016 Aug. 27 (8):1386-422. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Tournigand C, Andre T, Achille E, et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jan 15. 22(2):229-37. [Medline].
Arkenau HT, Arnold D, Cassidy J, Diaz-Rubio E, Douillard JY, Hochster H, et al. Efficacy of oxaliplatin plus capecitabine or infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Dec 20. 26(36):5910-7. [Medline].
Sehgal R, Lembersky BC, Rajasenan KK, et al. A Phase I/II Study of Capecitabine Given on a Week on/Week off Schedule Combined With Bevacizumab and Oxaliplatin for Patients With Untreated Advanced Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2011 Jun. 10(2):117-20. [Medline].
Overman MJ, Lonardi S, Wong KYM, Lenz HJ, Gelsomino F, Aglietta M, et al. Durable Clinical Benefit With Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in DNA Mismatch Repair-Deficient/Microsatellite Instability-High Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Mar 10. 36 (8):773-779. [Medline].
Rozyltrek (entrectinib) [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech USA, Inc. August, 2019. Available at [Full Text].
Chustecka Z. Stop using calcium and magnesium with oxaliplatin. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/805232. June 3, 2013; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
Chustecka Z. Bevacizumab’s indication extended in colorectal cancer. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/778116. January 24, 2013; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
Corley DA, Jensen CD, Marks AR, Zhao WK, Lee JK, Doubeni CA, et al. Adenoma detection rate and risk of colorectal cancer and death. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 3. 370(14):1298-306. [Medline].
Given Imaging Receives FDA Clearance for PillCam® COLON in Patients Following Incomplete Colonoscopy. Given Imaging. Available at http://www.givenimaging.com/en-us/Innovative-Solutions/Capsule-Endoscopy/pillcam-colon/Pages/COLON-Press-release.aspx. Accessed: January 27, 2016.
Laidman J. Colonoscopy May Reduce Late-Stage Colon Cancer Risk by 70%. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780259. March 04, 2013; Accessed: January 30, 2018.
Nelson R. Begin Colorectal Cancer Screening at Age 45, Says ACS. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897351. May 30, 2018; Accessed: May 30, 2018.
American Cancer Society Updates Colorectal Cancer Screening Guideline. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/american-cancer-society-updates-colorectal-cancer-screening-guideline.html?utm_campaign&. May 30, 2018; Accessed: February 25, 2020.
