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High-power photomicrograph of small cell carcinoma on the left side of the image with normal ciliated respiratory epithelium on the right side of the image.
This coronal positron emission tomogram shows a large, focal, hypermetabolic area on the right that is consistent with a large mass in the central portion of the right upper pulmonary lobe. Multiple other smaller hypermetabolic areas suggest lymph-node metastatic disease in the chest, abdomen, and right supraclavicular region.

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Table 1. Paraneoplastic Syndromes Affecting Endocrine and Neurologic Function in SCLC

Organ System	Syndrome	Mechanism	Frequency
Endocrine	SIADH	Antidiuretic hormone	15%^[22]
	Ectopic secretion of ACTH	ACTH	2-5%^[23]

Neurologic	Eaton-Lambert reverse myasthenic syndrome		3%^[24]
	Subacute cerebellar degeneration
	Subacute sensory neuropathy
	Limbic encephalopathy	Anti-Hu, anti-Yo antibodies
ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone; SCLC = small cell lung cancer; SIADH = syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Sources: (1) Campling BG, Sarda IR, Baer KA, et al. Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin by small cell lung cancer. Cancer. May 15, 1995;75(10):2442-51^[22]; (2) Shepherd FA, Laskey J, Evans WK, et al. Cushing's syndrome associated with ectopic corticotropin production and small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. Jan 1992;10(1):21-7^[23]; (3) Sher E, Gotti C, Canal N, et al. Specificity of calcium channel autoantibodies in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Lancet. Sep 16, 1989;2(8664):640-3.^[24]

Table 2. AJCC TNM Categories for Lung Cancer

Primary Tumor (T)		Tumor Size	Location of Involvement
TX		Primary tumor can’t be assessed, or sputum cytology reveals tumor cells but the tumor is not seen on radiologic or bronchoscopic evaluation
T0		No evidence of a primary tumor
Tis		Carcinoma in situ
T1		≤3 cm in greatest dimension	Surrounded by lung or visceral pleura; no invasion more proximal than lobar bronchus
	T1a	≤1 cm in greatest dimension
	T1b	>1 cm but ≤2 cm in greatest dimension
	T1c	>2 cm but ≤3 cm in greatest dimension
T2		>3 cm but ≤5 cm in greatest dimension, or (see right column)	Main bronchus, ≥2 cm distal to carina, or Visceral pleura, or Hilar region, but not entire lung, associated with atelectasis/obstructive pneumonitis
	T2a	>3 cm but ≤4 cm in greatest dimension
	T2b	>5 cm but ≤7 cm in greatest dimension
T3		>5 cm but ≤7 cm in greatest dimension, or (see right column)	Direct invasion of: Parietal pleural chest wall, diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium, or Main bronchus < 2 cm distal to carina (but not carina itself), or Entire lung with associated atelectasis/obstructive pneumonitis, or Same lobe, separate tumor nodule(s)
T4		>7 cm or (see right column)	Invasion of: Mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, or carina Different ipsilateral lobe, separate tumor nodule(s)
Node (N)		Location of Regional Metastatic Involvement
NX		Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0		No regional lymph node metastasis
N1		Ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes, and Intrapulmonary nodes, including direct extension
N2		Ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s)
N3		Contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral/contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s)
Metastasis (M)		Location of Distant Metastatic Involvement
M0		No distant metastasis
M1		Distant metastasis
	M1a	Contralateral lobe tumor with separate tumor nodule(s), or Tumor with pleural nodules or malignant pleural or pericardial effusion
	M1b	Single extrathoracic metastasis in a single organ and involvement of a single distant (nonregional) node
	M1c	Multiple extrathoracic metastases in one or more organs
AJCC = American Joint Committee on Cancer. Adapted from: (1) Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010:299-330^[33]; (2) National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology:Small Cell Lung Cancer [serial online]. 2018;v.2. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/sclc.pdf.^[33]

Table 3. AJCC Stage Groupings for Lung Cancer

		Primary Tumor (T)	Regional Node (N)	Metastasis (M)
Occult Cancer		TX	N0	M0
Stage 0		Tis	N0	M0
Stage IA	IA1	T1a	N0	M0
	IA2	T1b	N0	M0
	IA3	T1c	N0	M0
Stage IIA		T2b	N0	M0
Stage IIB		T1a,b,c	N1	M0
		T2a,b	N1	M0
		T3	N0	M0
Stage IIIA		T1a,b,c	N2	M0
		T2a,b	N2	M0
		T3	N1-2	M0
		T4	N0-1	M0
Stage IIIB		T1a,b,c	N3	M0
		T2a,b	N3	M0
		T3	N2	M0
		T4	N2	M0
Stage IIIC		T3-4	N3	M0
Stage IVA		Any T	Any N	M1a,b
Stage IVB		Any T	Any N	M1c
AJCC = American Joint Committee on Cancer. Adapted from: (1) Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2016^[38]; (2) National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology:Small Cell Lung Cancer [serial online]. 2018;v.2. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/sclc.pdf.^[33]

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