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Diagnostics. Staging and workup of rectal cancer patients.
Staging and treatment. Rectal cancer treatment algorithm (surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy). Initial stages are Endorectal ultrasound staging (uT).

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Table 1. Comparison of AJCC Definition of TNM Staging System to Dukes Classification.

Rectal Cancer Stages		TNM Staging	Duke Staging	5-Year Survival
Stage I		T_1-2 N₀ M₀	A	>90%
Stage II	A	T₃ N₀ M₀	B	60%-85%
Stage II	B	T₄ N₀ M₀	B	60%-85%
Stage III	A	T_1-2 N₁ M₀	C	55%-60%
	B	T_3-4 N₁ M₀		35%-42%
	C	T_1-4 N₂ M₀		25%-27%
Stage IV		T_1-4 N_0-2 M₁		5%-7%

Table 2. Acceptable Minimal Distal and Proximal Resectional Margins for Rectal Cancer. ^{[37, 67]}

Resection Margins	Proximal Resection Margin	Distal Resection Margin
Ideal Margins	5 cm or more	2 cm or more
Minimally acceptable margins	5 cm or more	0.5-1 cm

Table 3. Common Chemotherapeutic Regimens for Colon and Rectal Cancer

Regimen	Frequency	Schedule
FOLFOX	Every 2 weeks	Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² day 1 Leucovorin 200 mg/m² day 1 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m² IV bolus day 1 and 2 5-FU 600 mg/m² IV infusion day 1 and 2 (22 hours)
FOLFOX 4	Every 2 weeks (Four cycles)	Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² day 1 Leucovorin 200 mg/m² day 1 5-FU 400 mg/m² IV bolus day 1 and 2 5-FU 2400 mg/m² IV infusion day 1 (46 hours)
mFOLFOX 6	Every 2 weeks (Four cycles)	Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² day 1 Leucovorin 400 mg/m² day 1 5-FU 400 mg/m² IV bolus day 1 and 2 5-FU 1200 mg/m² IV infusion day 2 days
CapeOX	Every 3 weeks	Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m² day 1 Capecitabine 850 mg/m² PO BID for 14 days
FOLFIRI	Every 2 weeks	Irinotecan 165 mg/m² day 1 Leucovorin 200 mg/m² day 1 5-FU 400 mg/m² IV bolus day 1 and 2 5-FU 600 mg/m² IV infusion day 1 and 2 (22 hours)
FOLFOXIRI	Every 2 weeks	Irinotecan 180 mg/m² day 1 Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m² day 1 Leucovorin 200 mg/m² day 1 5-FU 3200 mg/m² IV infusion day 1 and 2 (48 hours)
Bevacizumab	Every 2 weeks with chemotherapy	5-10 mg/kg IV
Cetuximab	With chemotherapy	400 mg/m² IV day 1, then 250 mg/m² IV weekly

Table. 1

Parameter	Organization
Parameter	ESMO (2013)^[105]	ASCO (2013)^[104]	NCCN (2019)^[1]	ASCRS (2015)^[106]
History and physical exam	Every 3-6 mo for 3 y, then every 6 -12 mo at 4 and 5 y	Every 3-6 mo for 3 y, then every 6 mo to 5 y	Every 3-6 mo for 2 y, then every 6 mo to 5 y	Every 3-6 mo for 2 y, then every 6 mo to 5 y
CEA	Every 3-6 mo for 3 y, then every 6 -12 mo at 4 and 5 y	Every 3 mo for 3 y*	Every 3-6 mo for 2 y, then every 6 mo to 5 y	Every 3-6 mo for 2 y, then every 6 mo to 5 y
Chest CT*	Every 6-12 mo for first 3 y	Every 1 y for 3 y	Every 6-12 mo to 5 y	Every 1 y for 5 y
Colonoscopy**	At y 1 after surgery, and every 3-5 y thereafter	At 1 y, then every 5 y, dictated by the findings on the previous colonoscopy	At 1 y, 3 y, and 5 y if negative	At y 1 after surgery, and every 3-5 y dictated by the findings on the first postoperative examination.
Abdominal CT*	Every 6-12 mo for first 3 y	Every 1 y for 3 y	Every 6-12 mo to 5 y	Every 1 y for 5 y
ESMO = European Society of Medical Oncology; ASCO = American Society of Clinical Oncology; NCCN = National Comprehensive Cancer Network; American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons = ASCRS CEA = carcinoembryonic antigen; CT = computed tomography * For patients at high risk for recurrence (eg, lymphatic or venous invasion, or poorly differentiated tumors). **Colonoscopy should be performed 3-6 mo postoperatively if preoperative colonoscopy was not done, due to an obstructing lesion; otherwise, colonoscopy in 1 y; if abnormal, repeat in 1 year; if no advanced adenoma (ie, villous polyp, polyp >1 cm, or high-grade dysplasia), repeat in 3 y, then every 5 y.

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