Central Nervous System Germinoma Differential Diagnoses

1. Villano JL, Propp JM, Porter KR, Stewart AK, Valyi-Nagy T, Li X. Malignant pineal germ-cell tumors: an analysis of cases from three tumor registries. Neuro Oncol. 2008 Apr. 10(2):121-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F. Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg. 1985 Aug. 63(2):155-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Keene D, Johnston D, Strother D, Fryer C, Carret AS, Crooks B. Epidemiological survey of central nervous system germ cell tumors in Canadian children. J Neurooncol. 2007 May. 82(3):289-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. McCarthy BJ, Shibui S, Kayama T, Miyaoka E, Narita Y, Murakami M, et al. Primary CNS germ cell tumors in Japan and the United States: an analysis of 4 tumor registries. Neuro Oncol. 2012 Sep. 14 (9):1194-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Bentley AJ, Parkinson MC, Harding BN, Bains RM, Lantos PL. A comparative morphological and immunohistochemical study of testicular seminomas and intracranial germinomas. Histopathology. 1990 Nov. 17(5):443-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Germ cell tumours. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, and Cavenee WK. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. 4th Edition. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2016. Volume 1: 285-291.

7. Matsutani M,. Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy for CNS germ cell tumors--the Japanese experience. J Neurooncol. 2001 Sep. 54(3):311-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Goodwin TL, Sainani K, Fisher PG. Incidence patterns of central nervous system germ cell tumors: a SEER Study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009 Aug. 31(8):541-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Crawford JR, Santi MR, Vezina G, Myseros JS, Keating RF, LaFond DA. CNS germ cell tumor (CNSGCT) of childhood: presentation and delayed diagnosis. Neurology. 2007 May 15. 68(20):1668-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Malbari F, Gershon TR, Garvin JH, Allen JC, Khakoo Y, Levy AS, et al. Psychiatric manifestations as initial presentation for pediatric CNS germ cell tumors, a case series. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016 Aug. 32 (8):1359-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Kretschmar C, Kleinberg L, Greenberg M, Burger P, Holmes E, Wharam M. Pre-radiation chemotherapy with response-based radiation therapy in children with central nervous system germ cell tumors: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Mar. 48(3):285-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Finlay J, da Silva NS, Lavey R, Bouffet E, Kellie SJ, Shaw E, et al. The management of patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) germinoma: current controversies requiring resolution. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 Aug. 51(2):313-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Murray MJ, Bartels U, Nishikawa R, Fangusaro J, Matsutani M, Nicholson JC. Consensus on the management of intracranial germ-cell tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Sep. 16 (9):e470-e477. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Aizer AA, Sethi RV, Hedley-Whyte ET, Ebb D, Tarbell NJ, Yock TI, et al. Bifocal intracranial tumors of nongerminomatous germ cell etiology: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Neuro Oncol. 2013 Jul. 15 (7):955-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Fukushima S, Yamashita S, Kobayashi H, et al. Genome-wide methylation profiles in primary intracranial germ cell tumors indicate a primordial germ cell origin for germinomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2017 Mar. 133 (3):445-462. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Packer RJ, Cohen BH, Cooney K. Intracranial germ cell tumors. Oncologist. 2000. 5(4):312-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Sano K, Matsutani M, Seto T. So-called intracranial germ cell tumours: personal experiences and a theory of their pathogenesis. Neurol Res. 1989 Jun. 11(2):118-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Rickert CH, Simon R, Bergmann M, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Paulus W. Comparative genomic hybridization in pineal germ cell tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2000 Sep. 59(9):815-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Schneider DT, Zahn S, Sievers S. Molecular genetic analysis of central nervous system germ cell tumors with comparative genomic hybridization. Mod Pathol. 2006 Jun. 19(6):864-73.

20. Palmer RD, Foster NA, Vowler SL, Roberts I, Thornton CM, Hale JP. Malignant germ cell tumours of childhood: new associations of genomic imbalance. Br J Cancer. 2007 Feb 26. 96(4):667-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Sato K, Takeuchi H, Kubota T. Pathology of intracranial germ cell tumors. Prog Neurol Surg. 2009. 23:59-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Kamakura Y, Hasegawa M, Minamoto T, Yamashita J, Fujisawa H. C-kit gene mutation: common and widely distributed in intracranial germinomas. J Neurosurg. 2006 Mar. 104(3 Suppl):173-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Sakuma Y, Sakurai S, Oguni S, Satoh M, Hironaka M, Saito K. c-kit gene mutations in intracranial germinomas. Cancer Sci. 2004 Sep. 95(9):716-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Wang HW, Wu YH, Hsieh JY, et al. Pediatric primary central nervous system germ cell tumors of different prognosis groups show characteristic miRNome traits and chromosome copy number variations. BMC Genomics. 2010 Feb 24. 11:132. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Terashima K, Yu A, Chow WY, Hsu WC, Chen P, Wong S, et al. Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy number alterations and loss of heterozygosity in intracranial germ cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014 Apr. 61(4):593-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Wang L, Yamaguchi S, Burstein MD, Terashima K, Chang K, Ng HK, et al. Novel somatic and germline mutations in intracranial germ cell tumours. Nature. 2014 Jul 10. 511(7508):241-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Zapka P, Dörner E, Dreschmann V, Sakamato N, Kristiansen G, Calaminus G, et al. Type, Frequency, and Spatial Distribution of Immune Cell Infiltrates in CNS Germinomas: Evidence for Inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Mechanisms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2018 Feb 1. 77 (2):119-127. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Takami H, et al; Intracranial Germ Cell Tumor Genome Analysis Consortium (the iGCT Consortium). Intratumoural immune cell landscape in germinoma reveals multipotent lineages and exhibits prognostic significance. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2019 Jun 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Takami H, Fukuoka K, Fukushima S, et al. Integrated Clinical, Histopathological, and Molecular Data Analysis of 190 Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors from the iGCT Consortium. Neuro Oncol. 2019 Aug 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Echevarría ME, Fangusaro J, Goldman S. Pediatric central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review. Oncologist. 2008 Jun. 13(6):690-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Jubran RF, Finlay J. Central nervous system germ cell tumors: controversies in diagnosis and treatment. Oncology (Williston Park). 2005 May. 19(6):705-11; discussion 711-2, 715-7, 721. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Pereda J, Motta PM. A unique fibrillar coat on the surface of migrating human primordial germ cells. Arch Histol Cytol. 1991 Oct. 54(4):419-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Godin I, Wylie CC. TGF beta 1 inhibits proliferation and has a chemotropic effect on mouse primordial germ cells in culture. Development. 1991 Dec. 113(4):1451-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Horowitz MB, Hall WA. Central nervous system germinomas. A review. Arch Neurol. 1991 Jun. 48(6):652-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Vecchione-Koval T, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, et al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010-2014. Neuro Oncol. 2017 Nov 6. 19 (suppl_5):v1-v88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Lee SH, Jung KW, Ha J, Oh CM, Kim H, Park HJ, et al. Nationwide Population-Based Incidence and Survival Rates of Malignant Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors in Korea, 2005-2012. Cancer Res Treat. 2017 Apr. 49 (2):494-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. McCarthy BJ, Shibui S, Kayama T, Miyaoka E, Narita Y, Murakami M. Primary CNS germ cell tumors in Japan and the United States: an analysis of 4 tumor registries. Neuro Oncol. 2012 Sep. 14(9):1194-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Calaminus G, Frappaz D, Kortmann RD, Krefeld B, Saran F, Pietsch T, et al. Outcome of patients with intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumors-lessons from the SIOP-CNS-GCT-96 trial. Neuro Oncol. 2017 Nov 29. 19 (12):1661-1672. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Goldman S, Bouffet E, Fisher PG, Allen JC, Robertson PL, Chuba PJ, et al. Phase II Trial Assessing the Ability of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With or Without Second-Look Surgery to Eliminate Measurable Disease for Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumors: A Children's Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Aug 1. 33 (22):2464-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

40. Fukuoka K, Yanagisawa T, Suzuki T, Shirahata M, Adachi JI, Mishima K, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin detection in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with a germinoma and its prognostic significance: assessment by using a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016 Nov. 18 (5):573-577. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Ogino H, Shibamoto Y, Takanaka T, Suzuki K, Ishihara S, Yamada T, et al. CNS germinoma with elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin level: clinical characteristics and treatment outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jul 1. 62 (3):803-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Sugiyama K, Yamasaki F, Kurisu K, Kenjo M. Quality of life of extremely long-time germinoma survivors mainly treated with radiotherapy. Prog Neurol Surg. 2009. 23:130-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Sutton LN, Radcliffe J, Goldwein JW, Phillips P, Janss AJ, Packer RJ, et al. Quality of life of adult survivors of germinomas treated with craniospinal irradiation. Neurosurgery. 1999 Dec. 45(6):1292-7; discussion 1297-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Yoshida J, Sugita K, Kobayashi T, Takakura K, Shitara N, Matsutani M, et al. Prognosis of intracranial germ cell tumours: effectiveness of chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide (CDDP and VP-16). Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1993. 120(3-4):111-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Liang SY, Yang TF, Chen YW, Liang ML, Chen HH, Chang KP, et al. Neuropsychological functions and quality of life in survived patients with intracranial germ cell tumors after treatment. Neuro Oncol. 2013 Nov. 15(11):1543-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Jinguji S, Yoshimura J, Nishiyama K, Aoki H, Nagasaki K, Natsumeda M, et al. Factors affecting functional outcomes in long-term survivors of intracranial germinomas: a 20-year experience in a single institution. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013 Apr. 11(4):454-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Acharya S, DeWees T, Shinohara ET, Perkins SM. Long-term outcomes and late effects for childhood and young adulthood intracranial germinomas. Neuro Oncol. 2015 May. 17(5):741-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Martens T, Rotermund R, Zu Eulenburg C, Westphal M, Flitsch J. Long-term follow-up and quality of life in patients with intracranial germinoma. Neurosurg Rev. 2014 Jul. 37(3):445-50; discussion 451. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Ogawa K, Shikama N, Toita T, Nakamura K, Uno T, Onishi H, et al. Long-term results of radiotherapy for intracranial germinoma: a multi-institutional retrospective review of 126 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 1. 58(3):705-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Odagiri K, Omura M, Hata M, Aida N, Niwa T, Ogino I, et al. Treatment outcomes, growth height, and neuroendocrine functions in patients with intracranial germ cell tumors treated with chemoradiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Nov 1. 84(3):632-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Sethi RV, Marino R, Niemierko A, Tarbell NJ, Yock TI, MacDonald SM. Delayed diagnosis in children with intracranial germ cell tumors. J Pediatr. 2013 Nov. 163(5):1448-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Phi JH, Kim SK, Lee YA, Shin CH, Cheon JE, Kim IO, et al. Latency of intracranial germ cell tumors and diagnosis delay. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Oct. 29(10):1871-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Goodwin TL, Sainani K, Fisher PG. Incidence patterns of central nervous system germ cell tumors: a SEER Study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009 Aug. 31(8):541-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Sonoda Y, Kumabe T, Sugiyama S, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y, Saito R. Germ cell tumors in the basal ganglia: problems of early diagnosis and treatment. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008 Aug. 2(2):118-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Yang P, Li L, Kuang W, Li B, Zhou B, Yang J, et al. Intracranial multiple germ cell tumors: a case report and review of literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014. 7(12):9002-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

56. Zhou ZH, Zhang HB, Rao J, Bian XW. Clinical diagnostic dilemma of intracranial germinoma manifesting as wide skull base extension. J Craniofac Surg. 2014 Sep. 25(5):e467-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Nadkarni TD, Fattepurkar SC, Desai KI, Goel A. Intracranial optic nerve germinoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2004 Jun. 11(5):559-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Rath S, Vemuganti GK, Biswas G, Mod H. Optic nerve and chiasmal germinoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Mar-Apr. 25(2):161-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Chen CH, Lin HL, Cho DY. Reversible hypothalamic dysfunction in optic nerve germinoma. J Craniofac Surg. 2013 Mar. 24(2):468-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Chaudhry NS, Ahmad FU, Whittington E, Schatz N, Morcos JJ. Primary Intrinsic Chiasmal Germinoma. J Neuroophthalmol. 2015 Jan 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Wilson JT, Wald SL, Aitken PA, Mastromateo J, Vieco PT. Primary diffuse chiasmatic germinomas: differentiation from optic chiasm gliomas. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1995. 23(1):1-5; discussion 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Strowd RE, Burger P, Holdhoff M, Kleinberg L, Okun MS, Olivi A, et al. Steroid-responsive intracranial germinoma presenting as Holmes' tremor: Importance of a tissue diagnosis. J Clin Neurosci. 2015 May. 22(5):911-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Kim MC, Son BC, Miyagi Y, Kang JK. Vim thalamotomy for Holmes' tremor secondary to midbrain tumour. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Oct. 73(4):453-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Jorsal T, Rørth M. Intracranial germ cell tumours. A review with special reference to endocrine manifestations. Acta Oncol. 2012 Jan. 51(1):3-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Kim A, Ji L, Balmaceda C, Diez B, Kellie SJ, Dunkel IJ. The prognostic value of tumor markers in newly diagnosed patients with primary central nervous system germ cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 Dec. 51(6):768-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Calaminus G, Bamberg M, Harms D, Jürgens H, Kortmann RD, Sörensen N, et al. AFP/beta-HCG secreting CNS germ cell tumors: long-term outcome with respect to initial symptoms and primary tumor resection. Results of the cooperative trial MAKEI 89. Neuropediatrics. 2005 Apr. 36(2):71-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Shinoda J, Sakai N, Yano H, Hattori T, Ohkuma A, Sakaguchi H. Prognostic factors and therapeutic problems of primary intracranial choriocarcinoma/germ-cell tumors with high levels of HCG. J Neurooncol. 2004 Jan. 66(1-2):225-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Shibamoto Y, Oda Y, Yamashita J, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid cytology in radiotherapy planning for intracranial germinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jul 30. 29(5):1089-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Shibamoto Y. Management of central nervous system germinoma: proposal for a modern strategy. Prog Neurol Surg. 2009. 23:119-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Wu CC, Guo WY, Chang FC, Luo CB, Lee HJ, Chen YW, et al. MRI features of pediatric intracranial germ cell tumor subtypes. J Neurooncol. 2017 Aug. 134 (1):221-230. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Wang Y, Zou L, Gao B. Intracranial germinoma: clinical and MRI findings in 56 patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010 Dec. 26 (12):1773-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Okamoto K, Ito J, Ishikawa K, Morii K, Yamada M, Takahashi N, et al. Atrophy of the basal ganglia as the initial diagnostic sign of germinoma in the basal ganglia. Neuroradiology. 2002 May. 44 (5):389-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Smith AB, Rushing EJ, Smirniotopoulos JG. From the archives of the AFIP: lesions of the pineal region: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2010 Nov. 30 (7):2001-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Dumrongpisutikul N, Intrapiromkul J, Yousem DM. Distinguishing between germinomas and pineal cell tumors on MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012 Mar. 33 (3):550-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

75. Awa R, Campos F, Arita K, Sugiyama K, Tominaga A, Kurisu K, et al. Neuroimaging diagnosis of pineal region tumors-quest for pathognomonic finding of germinoma. Neuroradiology. 2014 Jul. 56 (7):525-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Takano M, Kinoshita Y, Sugiyama K, Kolakshyapati M, Takayasu T, Yonezawa U, et al. Detecting non-germinomatous germ cell tumor component by arterial spin labeling perfusion-weighted MR imaging in central nervous system germ cell tumor. Eur J Radiol. 2021 Mar. 136:109523. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Okochi Y, Nihashi T, Fujii M, Kato K, Okada Y, Ando Y, et al. Clinical use of (11)C-methionine and (18)F-FDG-PET for germinoma in central nervous system. Ann Nucl Med. 2014 Feb. 28(2):94-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

78. Tsouana E, Stoneham S, Fersht N, Kitchen N, Gaze M, Bomanji J, et al. Evaluation of treatment response using integrated 18F-labeled choline positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in adolescents with intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumours. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015 Apr 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Frank Saran. Pineal Tumors: Germinomas and Non-germinomatous Germ Cell Tumor. Clinical Endocrine Oncology Second Edition. 2008 pp 310-317.

80. Friedman JA, Lynch JJ, Buckner JC, Scheithauer BW, Raffel C. Management of malignant pineal germ cell tumors with residual mature teratoma. Neurosurgery. 2001 Mar. 48(3):518-22; discussion 522-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Kellie SJ, Boyce H, Dunkel IJ, Diez B, Rosenblum M, Brualdi L, et al. Intensive cisplatin and cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy without radiotherapy for intracranial germinomas: failure of a primary chemotherapy approach. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004 Aug. 43(2):126-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Kaur H, Singh D, Peereboom DM. Primary central nervous system germ cell tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2003 Dec. 4(6):491-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Haas-Kogan DA, Missett BT, Wara WM, Donaldson SS, Lamborn KR, Prados MD, et al. Radiation therapy for intracranial germ cell tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jun 1. 56(2):511-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Matsatani M. Clinical Management of Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors. Semin Oncol. 2004. 31:676-683.

85. Blakeley JO, Grossman SA. Management of pineal region tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2006 Nov. 7(6):505-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Cho J, Choi JU, Kim DS, Suh CO. Low-dose craniospinal irradiation as a definitive treatment for intracranial germinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2009 Apr. 91(1):75-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Matsutani M, Sano K, Takakura K, Fujimaki T, Nakamura O. Combined treatment with chemotherapy and radiation therapy for intracranial germ cell tumors. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998 Jan-Feb. 14(1-2):59-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Roberge D, Kun LE, Freeman CR. Intracranial germinoma: on whole-ventricular irradiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005 Apr. 44(4):358-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Shikama N, Ogawa K, Tanaka S. Lack of benefit of spinal irradiation in the primary treatment of intracranial germinoma: a multiinstitutional, retrospective review of 180 patients. Cancer. 2005 Jul 1. 104(1):126-34.

90. Murray MJ, Bartels U, Nishikawa R, Fangusaro J, Matsutani M, Nicholson JC. Consensus on the management of intracranial germ-cell tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Sep. 16 (9):e470-e477. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Yan M, Laperriere N, Velec M, Bartels U, Ramaswamy V, Bouffet E, et al. Redefining Ventricular Target Volume in Germinoma: Is Inclusion of Temporal Horns Necessary?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019 Jul 15. 104 (4):852-858. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Aoyama H. Radiation therapy for intracranial germ cell tumors. Prog Neurol Surg. 2009. 23:96-105. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Bamberg M, Kortmann RD, Calaminus G, Becker G, Meisner C, Harms D. Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: results of the German cooperative prospective trials MAKEI 83/86/89. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Aug. 17(8):2585-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Sawamura Y. Strategy of combined treatment of germ cell tumors. Prog Neurol Surg. 2009. 23:86-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Shim KW, Kim TG, Suh CO, Cho JH, Yoo CJ, Choi JU, et al. Treatment failure in intracranial primary germinomas. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007 Oct. 23(10):1155-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Yasuda K, Taguchi H, Sawamura Y, Ikeda J, Aoyama H, Fujieda K, et al. Low-dose craniospinal irradiation and ifosfamide, cisplatin and etoposide for non-metastatic embryonal tumors in the central nervous system. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul. 38(7):486-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Schoenfeld GO, Amdur RJ, Schmalfuss IM, Morris CG, Keole SR, Mendenhall WM, et al. Low-dose prophylactic craniospinal radiotherapy for intracranial germinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jun 1. 65(2):481-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Khatua S, Dhall G, O'Neil S, et al. Treatment of primary CNS germinomatous germ cell tumors with chemotherapy prior to reduced dose whole ventricular and local boost irradiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010 Jul 15. 55(1):42-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Kretschmar C, Kleinberg L, Greenberg M, Burger P, Holmes E, Wharam M. Pre-radiation chemotherapy with response-based radiation therapy in children with central nervous system germ cell tumors: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Mar. 48(3):285-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Cheng S, Kilday JP, Laperriere N, Janzen L, Drake J, Bouffet E, et al. Outcomes of children with central nervous system germinoma treated with multi-agent chemotherapy followed by reduced radiation. J Neurooncol. 2016 Mar. 127 (1):173-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Calaminus G, Kortmann R, Worch J, et al. SIOP CNS GCT 96: final report of outcome of a prospective, multinational nonrandomized trial for children and adults with intracranial germinoma, comparing craniospinal irradiation alone with chemotherapy followed by focal primary site irradiation for patients with localized disease. Neuro Oncol. 2013 Jun. 15(6):788-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

102. da Silva NS, Cappellano AM, Diez B, et al. Primary chemotherapy for intracranial germ cell tumors: results of the third international CNS germ cell tumor study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010 Mar. 54(3):377-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Douglas JG, Rockhill JK, Olson JM, Ellenbogen RG, Geyer JR. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by focal, reduced-dose irradiation for pediatric primary central nervous system germinomas. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006 Jan. 28(1):36-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Kellie SJ, Boyce H, Dunkel IJ, Diez B, Rosenblum M, Brualdi L, et al. Primary chemotherapy for intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumors: results of the second international CNS germ cell study group protocol. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Mar 1. 22(5):846-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Ogawa K, Toita T, Nakamura K, Uno T, Onishi H, Itami J. Treatment and prognosis of patients with intracranial nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors: a multiinstitutional retrospective analysis of 41 patients. Cancer. 2003 Jul 15. 98(2):369-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Modak S, Gardner S, Dunkel IJ, Balmaceda C, Rosenblum MK, Miller DC, et al. Thiotepa-based high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with recurrent or progressive CNS germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2004 May 15. 22(10):1934-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Janmohamed S, Grossman AB, Metcalfe K, Lowe DG, Wood DF, Chew SL, et al. Suprasellar germ cell tumours: specific problems and the evolution of optimal management with a combined chemoradiotherapy regimen. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002 Oct. 57(4):487-500. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Peltier J, Vinchon M, Baroncini M, Kerdraon O, Dhellemmes P. Bifocal mixed germ-cell tumor with growing teratoma syndrome and metachronous mature metastases: case report. J Neurooncol. 2008 Oct. 90(1):111-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Wang L, Yamaguchi S, Burstein MD, et al. Novel somatic and germline mutations in intracranial germ cell tumours. Nature. 2014 Jul 10. 511 (7508):241-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Amani A AlKofide, MD Chairman, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Director, Neuro-Oncology Program and Lymphoma Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Amani A AlKofide, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Histiocytosis Association, International Society of Paediatric Oncology, Riyadh Oncology Group, Saudi Pediatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Benjamin Movsas, MD

Benjamin Movsas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Radium Society, American Society for Radiation Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Herbert H Engelhard, III, MD, PhD, FACS, FAANS Affiliated Professor of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago

Herbert H Engelhard, III, MD, PhD, FACS, FAANS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Illinois State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lodovico Balducci, MD Professor, Oncology Fellowship Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Adult Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Lodovico Balducci, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, International Society for Experimental Hematology, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society of Breast Disease

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article