Sections

Presentation

History

The most common presentation of thyroid cancer is an asymptomatic thyroid mass or a nodule that can be felt in the neck. For any patient with a thyroid lump that has developed recently, record a thorough medical history to identify any risk factors or symptoms. In particular, obtain a history regarding every prior exposure to ionizing radiation and the lifetime duration of the radiation exposure. Consider a family history of thyroid cancer.

Some patients with thyroid cancer have persistent cough, difficulty breathing, or difficulty swallowing. Pain is seldom an early warning sign of thyroid cancer. Other symptoms (eg, pain, stridor, vocal cord paralysis, hemoptysis, rapid enlargement) are rare, and can be caused by less serious problems.

At the time of diagnosis, 10-15% of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma have distant metastases to the bones and lungs. Typically, these patients are initially evaluated for pulmonary or osteoarticular manifestations (eg, pathologic fracture, spontaneous fracture).

Physical Examination

The clinician should palpate the patient's neck to evaluate the size and firmness of the thyroid and to check for any thyroid nodules. The principal sign of thyroid carcinoma is a palpable nodule, usually solitary, in the thyroid area that has the following characteristics:

Painless
Hard consistency
Average size of less than 5 cm
Ill-defined borders
Fixed in respect to surrounding tissues
Moves with the trachea during swallowing

If cervical lymphadenopathy is present, it may be palpable on either the ipsilateral or contralateral side.

Some patients have a tight or full feeling in the neck, hoarseness, or signs of tracheal or esophageal compression.

Differential Diagnoses

Shi X, Liu R, Basolo F, Giannini R, Shen X, et al. Differential Clinicopathological Risk and Prognosis of Major Papillary Thyroid Cancer Variants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jan. 101 (1):264-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Haugen BR, Sawka AM, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Caturegli P, Doherty GM, et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Task Force Review and Recommendation on the Proposed Renaming of Encapsulated Follicular Variant Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Without Invasion to Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features. Thyroid. 2017 Apr. 27 (4):481-483. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wada N, Sugino K, Mimura T, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, Shibuya H, et al. Treatment Strategy of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Children and Adolescents: Clinical Significance of the Initial Nodal Manifestation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Sep 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Clayman GL, Shellenberger TD, Ginsberg LE, Edeiken BS, El-Naggar AK, Sellin RV, et al. Approach and safety of comprehensive central compartment dissection in patients with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck. 2009 Sep. 31(9):1152-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rosenbaum MA, McHenry CR. Contemporary management of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009 Mar. 9(3):317-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pelizzo MR, Merante Boschin I, Toniato A, Pagetta C, Casal Ide E, Mian C, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, prognostic factors and long-term outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Minerva Endocrinol. 2008 Dec. 33(4):359-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] AACE/AAES medical/surgical guidelines for clinical practice: management of thyroid carcinoma. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. American College of Endocrinology. Endocr Pract. 2001 May-Jun. 7(3):202-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Thyroid Carcinoma. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/thyroid.pdf. Version 2.2022 — May 5, 2022; Accessed: June 13, 2022.
Legakis I, Syrigos K. Recent advances in molecular diagnosis of thyroid cancer. J Thyroid Res. 2011. 2011:384213. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Prescott JD, Zeiger MA. The RET oncogene in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 2015 Mar 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wasenius VM, Hemmer S, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, et al. MET receptor tyrosine kinase sequence alterations in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005 Apr. 29(4):544-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Musholt TJ, Musholt PB, Khaladj N, et al. Prognostic significance of RET and NTRK1 rearrangements in sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2000 Dec. 128(6):984-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mathur A, Moses W, Rahbari R, et al. Higher rate of BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer over time: a single-institution study. Cancer. 2011 Oct 1. 117(19):4390-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Xing M, Alzahrani AS, Carson KA, Viola D, Elisei R, et al. Association between BRAF V600E mutation and mortality in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. JAMA. 2013 Apr 10. 309 (14):1493-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Liu C, Chen T, Liu Z. Associations between BRAF(V600E) and prognostic factors and poor outcomes in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol. 2016 Sep 6. 14 (1):241. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Li Z, Franklin J, Zelcer S, Sexton T, Husein M. Ultrasound surveillance for thyroid malignancies in survivors of childhood cancer following radiotherapy: a single institutional experience. Thyroid. 2014 Dec. 24 (12):1796-805. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Port M, Boltze C, Wang Y, et al. A radiation-induced gene signature distinguishes post-Chernobyl from sporadic papillary thyroid cancers. Radiat Res. 2007 Dec. 168(6):639-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ronckers CM, McCarron P, Engels EA, et al. New Malignancies Following Cancer of the Thyroid and Other Endocrine Glands. Curtis RE, Freedman DM, Ron E, Ries LAG, Hacker DG, Edwards BK, Tucker MA, Fraumeni JF Jr. New Malignancies Among Cancer Survivors: SEER Cancer Registries, 1973-2000. No. 05-5302. Bethesda, MD: NIH Publ.; 2006. 375-395. [Full Text].
Williams ED, Abrosimov A, Bogdanova T, Demidchik EP, Ito M, LiVolsi V, et al. Thyroid carcinoma after Chernobyl latent period, morphology and aggressiveness. Br J Cancer. 2004 Jun 1. 90 (11):2219-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Sinnott B, Ron E, Schneider AB. Exposing the thyroid to radiation: a review of its current extent, risks, and implications. Endocr Rev. 2010 Oct. 31(5):756-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Bradly DP, Reddy V, Prinz RA, Gattuso P. Incidental papillary carcinoma in patients treated surgically for benign thyroid diseases. Surgery. 2009 Dec. 146(6):1099-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kim KW, Park YJ, Kim EH, et al. Elevated risk of papillary thyroid cancer in Korean patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Head Neck. 2011 May. 33(5):691-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kitahara CM, Pfeiffer RM, Sosa JA, Shiels MS. Impact of overweight and obesity on U.S. papillary thyroid cancer incidence trends (1995-2015). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Oct 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Musholt TJ, Musholt PB, Petrich T, et al. Familial papillary thyroid carcinoma: genetics, criteria for diagnosis, clinical features, and surgical treatment. World J Surg. 2000 Nov. 24(11):1409-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Uchino S, Ishikawa H, Miyauchi A, Hirokawa M, Noguchi S, Ushiama M, et al. Age- and Gender-Specific Risk of Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Sep 13. jc20162043. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Negri E, Dal Maso L, Ron E, et al. A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. II. Menstrual and reproductive factors. Cancer Causes Control. 1999. 10(2):143-155. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Franceschi S, Preston-Martin S, Dal Maso L, et al. A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. IV.Benign thyroid diseases. Cancer Causes Control. 1999. 10(6):583-595. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mack WJ, Preston-Martin S, Dal Maso L, et al. A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer: cigarettesmoking and consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tea. Cancer. 2003. 14(8):773-785. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cancer Facts & Figures 2022. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2022/2022-cancer-facts-and-figures.pdf. Accessed: January 28, 2022.
Hall P, Adami HO. Thyroid Cancer. Adami H, Hunter D, Trichopoulos D, eds. Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008.
Cancer Stat Facts: Thyroid Cancer. National Cancer Institute. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html. Accessed: January 28, 2022.
Hay ID, Gonzalez-Losada T, Reinalda MS, Honetschlager JA, Richards ML, Thompson GB. Long-term outcome in 215 children and adolescents with papillary thyroid cancer treated during 1940 through 2008. World J Surg. 2010 Jun. 34(6):1192-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baptiste DL, Josiah NA, Alexander KA, Commodore-Mensah Y, Wilson PR, Jacques K, et al. Racial discrimination in health care: An "us" problem. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Dec. 29(23-24):4415-4417. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Yu XM, Wan Y, Sippel RS, Chen H. Should all papillary thyroid microcarcinomas be aggressively treated? An analysis of 18,445 cases. Ann Surg. 2011 Oct. 254(4):653-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Miya A, et al. Prognostic impact of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time under thyrotropin suppression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid. 2011 Jul. 21(7):707-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Suman P, Wang CH, Abadin SS, Moo-Young TA, Prinz RA, Winchester DJ. Risk factors for central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma: A National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) study. Surgery. 2015 Oct 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cao J, Chen C, Chen C, Wang QL, Ge MH. Clinicopathological features and prognosis of familial papillary thyroid carcinoma - a large-scale, matched, case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015 Jul 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brennan K, Holsinger C, Dosiou C, Sunwoo JB, Akatsu H, Haile R, et al. Development of prognostic signatures for intermediate-risk papillary thyroid cancer. BMC Cancer. 2016 Sep 15. 16 (1):736. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Tallini G, Tuttle RM, Ghossein RA. The History of the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Jan 1. 102 (1):15-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vuong HG, Kondo T, Pham TQ, Oishi N, Mochizuki K, Nakazawa T, et al. Prognostic significance of diffuse sclerosing variant papillary thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Apr. 176 (4):431-439. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Spencer CA. Clinical review: Clinical utility of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) measurements for patients with differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Dec. 96(12):3615-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Segev DL, Umbricht C, Zeiger MA. Molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer. Surg Oncol. 2003 Aug. 12(2):69-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Choi WH, Chung YA, Han EJ, Sohn HS, Lee SH. Clinical value of integrated [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the preoperative assessment of papillary thyroid carcinoma: comparison with sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2011 Sep. 30(9):1267-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cabrera RN, Chone CT, Zantut-Wittmann DE, Matos PS, Ferreira DM, Pereira PS, et al. The Role of SPECT/CT Lymphoscintigraphy and Radioguided Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Managing Papillary Thyroid Cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Sep 1. 142 (9):834-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ng CM, Choi CH, Tiu SC. False-negatives in thyroid nodule aspiration cytology. Hong Kong Med J. 2007 Apr. 13(2):168-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Liu Z, Kakudo K, Bai Y, et al. Loss of cellular polarity/cohesiveness in the invasive front of papillary thyroid carcinoma, a novel predictor for lymph node metastasis; possible morphological indicator of epithelial mesenchymal transition. J Clin Pathol. 2011 Apr. 64(4):325-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Alexander EK, Schorr M, Klopper J, Kim C, Sipos J, Nabhan F, et al. Multicenter clinical experience with the Afirma gene expression classifier. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jan. 99 (1):119-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR, Tallini G, et al. Nomenclature Revision for Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Paradigm Shift to Reduce Overtreatment of Indolent Tumors. JAMA Oncol. 2016 Aug 1. 2 (8):1023-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chao TC, Lin JD, Chen MF. Gasless video-assisted total thyroidectomy in the treatment of low risk intrathyroid papillary carcinoma. World J Surg. 2004 Sep. 28(9):876-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ruggieri M, Straniero A, Pacini FM, et al. Video-assisted surgery of the thyroid diseases. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Jul-Aug. 7(4):91-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lee S, Ryu HR, Park JH, et al. Excellence in robotic thyroid surgery: a comparative study of robot-assisted versus conventional endoscopic thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients. Ann Surg. 2011 Jun. 253(6):1060-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ywata de Carvalho A, Chulam TC, Kowalski LP. Long-term Results of Observation vs Prophylactic Selective Level VI Neck Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma at a Cancer Center. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015 Jul. 141 (7):599-606. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roh JL, Kim JM, Park CI. Central lymph node metastasis of unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma: patterns and factors predictive of nodal metastasis, morbidity, and recurrence. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011 Aug. 18(8):2245-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Popadich A, Levin O, Lee JC, et al. A multicenter cohort study of total thyroidectomy and routine central lymph node dissection for cN0 papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery. 2011 Dec. 150(6):1048-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Janovsky CC, Maciel RM, Camacho CP, Padovani RP, Nakabashi CC, Yang JH, et al. A Prospective Study Showing an Excellent Response of Patients with Low-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Who Did Not Undergo Radioiodine Remnant Ablation after Total Thyroidectomy. Eur Thyroid J. 2016 Mar. 5 (1):44-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Yim JH, Kim WB, Kim EY, et al. Adjuvant radioactive therapy after reoperation for locoregionally recurrent papillary thyroid cancer in patients who initially underwent total thyroidectomy and high-dose remnant ablation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Dec. 96(12):3695-700. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Sisson JC, Freitas J, McDougall IR, et al. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine ¹³¹i: practice recommendations of the american thyroid association. Thyroid. 2011 Apr. 21(4):335-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Oluwasanjo A, Pathak R, Ukaigwe A, Alese O. Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia following radioactive iodine treatment for thyroid cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2015 Oct 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Heilo A, Sigstad E, Fagerlid KH, et al. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection treatment in patients with a limited number of metastatic cervical lymph nodes from papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep. 96(9):2750-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Perez CA, Santos ES, Arango BA, Raez LE, Cohen EE. Novel molecular targeted therapies for refractory thyroid cancer. Head Neck. 2012 May. 34(5):736-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Marotta V, Sciammarella C, Vitale M, Colao A, Faggiano A. The evolving field of kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2015 Jan. 93 (1):60-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kelly LM, Barila G, Liu P, Evdokimova VN, Trivedi S, Panebianco F, et al. Identification of the transforming STRN-ALK fusion as a potential therapeutic target in the aggressive forms of thyroid cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Mar 18. 111 (11):4233-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Brassard M, Borget I, Edet-Sanson A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: a prospective study on 715 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 May. 96(5):1352-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vadiveloo T, Donnan PT, Cochrane L, Leese GP. The Thyroid Epidemiology, Audit, and Research Study (TEARS): morbidity in patients with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 May. 96(5):1344-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fatourechi V. Subclinical hypothyroidism: an update for primary care physicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009. 84 (1):65-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Rugge JB, Bougatsos C, Chou R. Screening for and Treatment of Thyroid Dysfunction: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. 2014 Oct. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan. 26 (1):1-133. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Filetti S, Durante C, Hartl D, Leboulleux S, Locati LD, Newbold K, et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Ann Oncol. 2019 Dec 1. 30 (12):1856-1883. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, Duick DS, Harrell RM, Hegedüs L, et al. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS, AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, AND ASSOCIAZIONE MEDICI ENDOCRINOLOGI MEDICAL GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THYROID NODULES--2016 UPDATE. Endocr Pract. 2016 May. 22 (5):622-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2009 Nov. 19 (11):1159-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tucker ME. Obesity Underlies the Rise in US Papillary Thyroid Cancers. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/911086. March 29, 2019; Accessed: June 15, 2020.
[Guideline] Salama JK, Golden DW, Yom SS, Garg MK, Lawson J, McDonald MW, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® thyroid carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2014 Jun. 50 (6):577-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Media Gallery

Standard open thyroidectomy.
Algorithm for the workup of a solitary thyroid nodule. FNAB = fine needle aspiration biopsy.
Planar and color Doppler image showing a cystic papillary thyroid carcinoma.

of 3

2019 Incidence Rates per 100,000 US Population

2019 Incidence Rates per 100,000 US Population

Race	Females	Males
White	30.8	14.3
Black	18.5	5.6
Asian/Pacific Islander	37.2	10.5
American Indian/Alaska Native	41.7*	⁠—*
Hispanic	32.8	10.3

Back to List

Author

Ponnandai S Somasundar, MD, MPH, FACS Associate Chief, Division of Surgical Oncology, Director of Geriatric Oncology Program, Roger Williams Medical Center; Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine

Ponnandai S Somasundar, MD, MPH, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Association of Surgeons of India, Society of Surgical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Chief Editor

Neerav Goyal, MD, MPH, FACS Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Neurosurgery, Public Health Sciences, and Surgery, Chief, Division of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Associate Director, Skull Base and Pituitary Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Health, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute

Neerav Goyal, MD, MPH, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Head and Neck Society, American Medical Association, Hobart Amory Hare Honor Society, North American Skull Base Society, Pennsylvania Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Society of University Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons

Disclosure: Received research grant from: Medrobotics, Inc; Synthes, Inc, LivaNova.

Additional Contributors

Andrew S Kennedy, MD, FACRO Physician-in-Chief, Radiation Oncology, Sarah Cannon; Director, Radiation Oncology Research, Sarah Cannon Research Institute

Andrew S Kennedy, MD, FACRO is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Cancer Research, American Society for Radiation Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Radiological Society of North America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lodovico Balducci, MD Professor, Oncology Fellowship Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Adult Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Lodovico Balducci, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, International Society for Experimental Hematology, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society of Breast Disease

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Keith M Baldwin, DO IMPH, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine; Endocrine and Surgical Oncologist, Department of General Surgery, Roger Williams Cancer Center

Keith M Baldwin, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Society of Surgical Oncology, American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Society of International Humanitarian Surgeons/Surgeons OverSeas (SOS)

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kayla Krause, BA MD Candidate, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Silvia Gagliardi, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Surgery, Medical Center Vita, Italy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Clinical Presentation

History

Physical Examination

References

Tables

Contributor Information and Disclosures

What would you like to print?