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Author

Daniel Schneider, MD, MA † Assistant Professor of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders and Behavioral Neurology, Medical Director for Neurologic and Psychiatric Deep Brain Stimulation, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Paula D Ravin, MD Neurologist, Movement Disorders, Westwood Neurology, UCLA Health

Paula D Ravin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Headache Society, American Medical Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, National Headache Foundation

Disclosure: Received grant/research funds from Chelsea Pharmaceuticals for independent contractor; Received grant/research funds from Kyowa Pharma for independent contractor; Received consulting fee from Best Doctors Inc for consulting; Received grant/research funds from Beth Israel IRB for independent contractor.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Chief Editor

Randon S Welton, MD Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Director of Residency Training, Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine

Randon S Welton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training, American Psychiatric Association, Dayton Psychiatric Association, Ohio Psychiatric Physicians Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Alan D Schmetzer, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine

Alan D Schmetzer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, American Association for Physician Leadership, American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, International Society for ECT and Neurostimulation, American Neuropsychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors, Nestor Galvez-Jimenez, MD, and Perla Periut, MD, to the development and writing of this article.