Schizophrenia Questions & Answers

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2. Wright IC, Rabe-Hesketh S, Woodruff PW, et al. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jan. 157(1):16-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Tamminga CA, Stan AD, Wagner AD. The hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Oct. 167(10):1178-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Mattai A, Hosanagar A, Weisinger B, Greenstein D, Stidd R, Clasen L. Hippocampal volume development in healthy siblings of childhood-onset schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Apr. 168(4):427-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Sigmundsson T, Suckling J, Maier M, et al. Structural abnormalities in frontal, temporal, and limbic regions and interconnecting white matter tracts in schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Feb. 158(2):234-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Ellison-Wright I, Bullmore E. Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2009 Mar. 108(1-3):3-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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8. Olabi B, Ellison-Wright I, McIntosh AM, et al. Are there progressive brain changes in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1. 70(1):88-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Coyle JT. The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1996 Jan-Feb. 3(5):241-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Cioffi CL. Modulation of NMDA receptor function as a treatment for schizophrenia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jul 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Drexhage RC, Weigelt K, van Beveren N, Cohen D, Versnel MA, Nolen WA, et al. Immune and neuroimmune alterations in mood disorders and schizophrenia. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2011. 101:169-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Fan X, Goff DC, Henderson DC. Inflammation and schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007 Jul. 7(7):789-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Kahn RS. Migration and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007 Mar. 20(2):111-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Bourque F, van der Ven E, Malla A. A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychol Med. 2011 May. 41(5):897-910. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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16. Kety SS, Wender PH, Jacobsen B, et al. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees. Replication of the Copenhagen Study in the rest of Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Jun. 51(6):442-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Cheng W, Frei O, van der Meer D, Wang Y, O'Connell KS, Chu Y, et al. Genetic Association Between Schizophrenia and Cortical Brain Surface Area and Thickness. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 Jun 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Brooks M. New Schizophrenia Genes Identified. Medscape Medical News. Jul 22 2014. [Full Text].

19. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014 Jul 24. 511(7510):421-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 May 15. 57(10):1117-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Shifman S, Johannesson M, Bronstein M, et al. Genome-wide association identifies a common variant in the reelin gene that increases the risk of schizophrenia only in women. PLoS Genet. 2008 Feb. 4(2):e28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Wratten NS, Memoli H, Huang Y, Dulencin AM, Matteson PG, Cornacchia MA, et al. Identification of a schizophrenia-associated functional noncoding variant in NOS1AP. Am J Psychiatry. April/2009. 166:434-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. O'Brien NL, Way MJ, Kandaswamy R, et al. The functional GRM3 Kozak sequence variant rs148754219 affects the risk of schizophrenia and alcohol dependence as well as bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet. 2014 Jul 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Bassett AS, Costain G, Fung WL, Russell KJ, Pierce L, Kapadia R, et al. Clinically detectable copy number variations in a Canadian catchment population of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Nov. 44(15):1005-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Bassett AS, Scherer SW, Brzustowicz LM. Copy number variations in schizophrenia: critical review and new perspectives on concepts of genetics and disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Aug. 167(8):899-914. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A, Craddock N. Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2011 Mar. 198:173-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Sahoo T, Theisen A, Rosenfeld JA, et al. Copy number variants of schizophrenia susceptibility loci are associated with a spectrum of speech and developmental delays and behavior problems. Genet Med. 2011 Oct. 13(10):868-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Corvin AP, Morris DW, McGhee K, Schwaiger S, Scully P, Quinn J, et al. Confirmation and refinement of an 'at-risk' haplotype for schizophrenia suggests the EST cluster, Hs.97362, as a potential susceptibility gene at the Neuregulin-1 locus. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 Feb. 9(2):208-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Ekelund J, Hennah W, Hiekkalinna T, Parker A, Meyer J, Lönnqvist J, et al. Replication of 1q42 linkage in Finnish schizophrenia pedigrees. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 Nov. 9(11):1037-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Hennah W, Thomson P, McQuillin A, Bass N, Loukola A, Anjorin A, et al. DISC1 association, heterogeneity and interplay in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2009 Sep. 14(9):865-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Huffaker SJ, Chen J, Nicodemus KK, Sambataro F, Yang F, Mattay V, et al. A primate-specific, brain isoform of KCNH2 affects cortical physiology, cognition, neuronal repolarization and risk of schizophrenia. Nat Med. 2009 May. 15(5):509-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Kirov G, Ivanov D, Williams NM, Preece A, Nikolov I, Milev R, et al. Strong evidence for association between the dystrobrevin binding protein 1 gene (DTNBP1) and schizophrenia in 488 parent-offspring trios from Bulgaria. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 May 15. 55(10):971-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Mirnics K, Middleton FA, Stanwood GD, Lewis DA, Levitt P. Disease-specific changes in regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) expression in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2001 May. 6(3):293-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Morris DW, Rodgers A, McGhee KA, Schwaiger S, Scully P, Quinn J, et al. Confirming RGS4 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004 Feb 15. 125B(1):50-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Schindler KM, Pato MT, Dourado A, Macedo A, Azevedo MH, Kennedy JL, et al. Association and linkage disequilibrium between a functional polymorphism of the dopamine-2 receptor gene and schizophrenia in a genetically homogeneous Portuguese population. Mol Psychiatry. 2002. 7(9):1002-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Shifman S, Bronstein M, Sternfeld M, Pisanté-Shalom A, Lev-Lehman E, Weizman A, et al. A highly significant association between a COMT haplotype and schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Dec. 71(6):1296-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Stefansson H, Sarginson J, Kong A, et al. Association of neuregulin 1 with schizophrenia confirmed in a Scottish population. Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Jan. 72(1):83-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Steinberg S, Mors O, Børglum AD, Gustafsson O, Werge T, Mortensen PB, et al. Expanding the range of ZNF804A variants conferring risk of psychosis. Mol Psychiatry. 2011 Jan. 16(1):59-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Tang JX, Chen WY, He G, Zhou J, Gu NF, Feng GY, et al. Polymorphisms within 5' end of the Neuregulin 1 gene are genetically associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese population. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan. 9(1):11-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Williams HJ, Norton N, Dwyer S, Moskvina V, Nikolov I, Carroll L, et al. Fine mapping of ZNF804A and genome-wide significant evidence for its involvement in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2011 Apr. 16(4):429-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Xu B, Roos JL, Dexheimer P, et al. Exome sequencing supports a de novo mutational paradigm for schizophrenia. Nat Genet. 2011 Aug 7. 43(9):864-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Girard SL, Gauthier J, Noreau A, et al. Increased exonic de novo mutation rate in individuals with schizophrenia. Nat Genet. 2011 Jul 10. 43(9):860-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Brooks M. De Novo Gene Mutations Linked to Schizophrenia. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/819742.. Accessed: February 4, 2014.

44. Fromer M, Pocklington AJ, Kavanagh DH, Williams HJ, Dwyer S, Gormley P, et al. De novo mutations in schizophrenia implicate synaptic networks. Nature. 2014 Jan 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Ripke S, O'Dushlaine C, Chambert K, et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia. Nat Genet. 2013 Oct. 45(10):1150-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Lencz T, Guha S, Liu C, Rosenfeld J, Mukherjee S, Derosse P. Genome-wide association study implicates NDST3 in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nat Commun. 2013 Nov 19. 4:2739. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Dec. 60(12):1187-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Brown AS, Derkits EJ. Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Mar. 167(3):261-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Brown AS, Begg MD, Gravenstein S, Schaefer CA, Wyatt RJ, Bresnahan M, et al. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Aug. 61 (8):774-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Torrey EF, Bowler AE, Rawlings R, Terrazas A. Seasonality of schizophrenia and stillbirths. Schizophr Bull. 1993. 19(3):557-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Clarke MC, Tanskanen A, Huttunen M, Whittaker JC, Cannon M. Evidence for an interaction between familial liability and prenatal exposure to infection in the causation of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Sep. 166(9):1025-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Anderson P. Teen Marijuana Use Linked to Earlier Psychosis Onset. Medscape Medical News. May 14 2014. [Full Text].

53. Bhugra D. The global prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med. 2005 May. 2(5):e151; quiz e175. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

54. Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J. A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med. 2005 May. 2(5):e141. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Haro JM, Novick D, Bertsch J, et al. Cross-national clinical and functional remission rates: Worldwide Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (W-SOHO) study. Br J Psychiatry. 2011 Sep. 199:194-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Hor K, Taylor M. Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Nov. 24(4 Suppl):81-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. Hoang U, Stewart R, Goldacre MJ. Mortality after hospital discharge for people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: retrospective study of linked English hospital episode statistics, 1999-2006. BMJ. 2011 Sep 13. 343:d5422. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

58. Zhuo C and Triplett PT. Association of Schizophrenia With the Risk of Breast Cancer Incidence. JAMA Psychiatry. March 7, 2018. [Full Text].

59. Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15. CD002831. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Hyde TM, Deep-Soboslay A, Iglesias B, et al. Enuresis as a premorbid developmental marker of schizophrenia. Brain. 2008 Sep. 131:2489-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 1994 Nov 19. 344(8934):1398-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Ho BC, Andreasen NC. Long delays in seeking treatment for schizophrenia. Lancet. 2001 Mar 24. 357(9260):898-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Green AI, Drake RE, Brunette MF, Noordsy DL. Schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Mar. 164(3):402-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Foti DJ, Kotov R, Guey LT, Bromet EJ. Cannabis use and the course of schizophrenia: 10-year follow-up after first hospitalization. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Aug. 167(8):987-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Yücel M, Bora E, Lubman DI, et al. The impact of cannabis use on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of existing findings and new data in a first-episode sample. Schizophr Bull. 2012 Mar. 38(2):316-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

66. Brauser D. Cannabis Not the Only Illicit Drug Linked to Schizophrenia. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/807520. Accessed: July 17, 2013.

67. Robertson MM, Trimble MR. Major tranquillisers used as antidepressants. A review. J Affect Disord. 1982 Sep. 4(3):173-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Singh SP, Singh V, Kar N, Chan K. Efficacy of antidepressants in treating the negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2010 Sep. 197(3):174-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI, et al. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jan. 60(1):82-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Shioiri T, Shinada K, Kuwabara H, Someya T. Early prodromal symptoms and diagnoses before first psychotic episode in 219 inpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007 Aug. 61(4):348-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Kripke DF, Langer RD, Kline LE. Hypnotics' association with mortality or cancer: a matched cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012. 2(1):e000850. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

72. Tiihonen J, Suokas JT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka J, Korhonen P. Polypharmacy with antipsychotics, antidepressants, or benzodiazepines and mortality in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 May. 69(5):476-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Bennett DJ, Ogloff JR, Mullen PE, et al. Schizophrenia disorders, substance abuse and prior offending in a sequential series of 435 homicides. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Sep. 124(3):226-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Fazel S, Långström N, Hjern A, Grann M, Lichtenstein P. Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA. 2009 May 20. 301(19):2016-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Cummings JL, Gosenfeld LF, Houlihan JP, McCaffrey T. Neuropsychiatric disturbances associated with idiopathic calcification of the basal ganglia. Biol Psychiatry. 1983 May. 18(5):591-601. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Rosebush PI, MacQueen GM, Clarke JT, et al. Late-onset Tay-Sachs disease presenting as catatonic schizophrenia: diagnostic and treatment issues. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995 Aug. 56(8):347-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Pope HG Jr, Katz DL. Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. A controlled study of 160 athletes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 May. 51(5):375-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Reuler JB, Girard DE, Cooney TG. Current concepts. Wernicke's encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 1985 Apr 18. 312(16):1035-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Salokangas RK. Medical problems in schizophrenia patients living in the community (alternative facilities). Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul. 20(4):402-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Pillinger T, Beck K, Gobjila C, Donocik JG, Jauhar S, Howes OD. Impaired Glucose Homeostasis in First-Episode Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jan 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Brauser D. Long-term Injectable Drug Effective for Schizophrenia. Medscape Medical News. May 11 2012. [Full Text].

82. Cassels C. FDA Approves Once-Monthly Treatment for Schizophrenia. Medscape Medical News. Mar 1 2013. [Full Text].

83. Kane JM, Sanchez R, Perry PP, et al. Aripiprazole intramuscular depot as maintenance treatment in patients with schizophrenia: a 52-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 May. 73(5):617-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

84. Citrome L. New second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013 Jul. 13(7):767-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Secuado (asenapine transdermal system) [package insert]. Japan Saga Tosu: Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co. Inc. October 2019. Available at [Full Text].

86. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS. The NIMH-CATIE Schizophrenia Study: what did we learn?. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Aug. 168(8):770-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Jones PB, Barnes TR, Davies L, Dunn G, Lloyd H, Hayhurst KP, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effect on Quality of Life of second- vs first-generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Study (CUtLASS 1). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Oct. 63(10):1079-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Subotnik KL, Casaus LR, Ventura J, Luo JS, Hellemann GS, Gretchen-Doorly D, et al. Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone for Relapse Prevention and Control of Breakthrough Symptoms After a Recent First Episode of Schizophrenia : A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Jun 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Kahn RS, Fleischhacker WW, Boter H, Davidson M, Vergouwe Y, Keet IP, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2008 Mar 29. 371(9618):1085-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Perkins DO, Hamer RM, Gu H, Lazarus A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in the treatment of early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52-week comparison. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jul. 164(7):1050-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. [Guideline] Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, Noel JM, Boggs DL, Fischer BA, et al. The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan. 36(1):71-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

92. Wunderink L, Nieboer RM, Wiersma D, Sytema S, Nienhuis FJ. Recovery in remitted first-episode psychosis at 7 years of follow-up of an early dose reduction/discontinuation or maintenance treatment strategy: long-term follow-up of a 2-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Sep. 70(9):913-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Lieberman JA, Phillips M, Gu H, Stroup S, Zhang P, Kong L, et al. Atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs in treatment-naive first-episode schizophrenia: a 52-week randomized trial of clozapine vs chlorpromazine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 May. 28(5):995-1003. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Woerner MG, Robinson DG, Alvir JM, Sheitman BB, Lieberman JA, Kane JM. Clozapine as a first treatment for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Aug. 160(8):1514-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Moore TA, Buchanan RW, Buckley PF, Chiles JA, Conley RR, Crismon ML, et al. The Texas Medication Algorithm Project antipsychotic algorithm for schizophrenia: 2006 update. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Nov. 68(11):1751-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Agid O, Arenovich T, Sajeev G, Zipursky RB, Kapur S, Foussias G, et al. An algorithm-based approach to first-episode schizophrenia: response rates over 3 prospective antipsychotic trials with a retrospective data analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Nov. 72(11):1439-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Essock SM, Schooler NR, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Rojas I, Jackson C, et al. Effectiveness of switching from antipsychotic polypharmacy to monotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Jul. 168(7):702-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Correll CU, Rummel-Kluge C, Corves C, Kane JM, Leucht S. Antipsychotic combinations vs monotherapy in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Bull. 2009 Mar. 35(2):443-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

99. Honer WG, MacEwan GW, Gendron A, Stip E, Labelle A, Williams R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and tolerability of high-dose quetiapine in patients with persistent symptoms of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jan. 73(1):13-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Asmal L, Flegar SJ, Wang J, Rummel-Kluge C, Komossa K, Leucht S. Quetiapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Nov 18. 11:CD006625. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Rosenheck RA, Krystal JH, Lew R, Barnett PG, Fiore L, Valley D, et al. Long-acting risperidone and oral antipsychotics in unstable schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 3. 364(9):842-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Kishimoto T, Robenzadeh A, Leucht C, Leucht S, Watanabe K, Mimura M, et al. Long-Acting Injectable vs Oral Antipsychotics for Relapse Prevention in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Schizophr Bull. 2013 Jan 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Subotnik KL, Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J, et al. Risperidone nonadherence and return of positive symptoms in the early course of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Mar. 168(3):286-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Takeuchi H, Suzuki T, Remington G, et al. Effects of risperidone and olanzapine dose reduction on cognitive function in stable patients with schizophrenia: an open-label, randomized, controlled, pilot study. Schizophr Bull. 2013 Sep. 39(5):993-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

105. Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr. Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov. 158(11):1774-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Strom BL, Eng SM, Faich G, Reynolds RF, D'Agostino RB, Ruskin J, et al. Comparative mortality associated with ziprasidone and olanzapine in real-world use among 18,154 patients with schizophrenia: The Ziprasidone Observational Study of Cardiac Outcomes (ZODIAC). Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Feb. 168(2):193-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Vieweg WV. New Generation Antipsychotic Drugs and QTc Interval Prolongation. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Oct. 5(5):205-215. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

108. Newcomer JW. Metabolic considerations in the use of antipsychotic medications: a review of recent evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007. 68 Suppl 1:20-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Kessing LV, Thomsen AF, Mogensen UB, Andersen PK. Treatment with antipsychotics and the risk of diabetes in clinical practice. Br J Psychiatry. 2010 Oct. 197(4):266-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Ring KD, Hamer RH, LaVange LM, Swartz MS, et al. A randomized trial examining the effectiveness of switching from olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone to aripiprazole to reduce metabolic risk: comparison of antipsychotics for metabolic problems (CAMP). Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Sep. 168(9):947-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Correll CU, Newcomer JW, Silverman B, DiPetrillo L, Graham C, Jiang Y, et al. Effects of Olanzapine Combined With Samidorphan on Weight Gain in Schizophrenia: A 24-Week Phase 3 Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2020 Dec 1. 177 (12):1168-1178. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Wang M, Tong JH, Zhu G, Liang GM, Yan HF, Wang XZ. Metformin for treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Schizophr Res. 2012 Jun. 138(1):54-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Hägg S, Spigset O, Söderström TG. Association of venous thromboembolism and clozapine. Lancet. 2000 Apr 1. 355(9210):1155-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Thomassen R, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR. Antipsychotic drugs and venous thromboembolism. Lancet. 2000 Jul 15. 356(9225):252. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Lowry F. Psychotropic Drugs Can Reduce Bone Mass in Kids. Medscape Medical News. Jun 24 2014. [Full Text].

116. Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Ziebell S, Pierson R, Magnotta V. Long-term antipsychotic treatment and brain volumes: a longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Feb. 68(2):128-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Kern RS, Glynn SM, Horan WP, Marder SR. Psychosocial treatments to promote functional recovery in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009 Mar. 35(2):347-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

118. [Guideline] Dixon LB, Dickerson F, Bellack AS, Bennett M, Dickinson D, Goldberg RW, et al. The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan. 36(1):48-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

119. Guo X, Zhai J, Liu Z, Fang M, Wang B, Wang C, et al. Effect of antipsychotic medication alone vs combined with psychosocial intervention on outcomes of early-stage schizophrenia: A randomized, 1-year study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Sep. 67(9):895-904. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Wexler BE, Bell MD. Cognitive remediation and vocational rehabilitation for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2005 Oct. 31(4):931-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Wykes T, Huddy V, Cellard C, McGurk SR, Czobor P. A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizes. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 May. 168(5):472-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

122. Grant PM, Huh GA, Perivoliotis D, Stolar NM, Beck AT. Randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive therapy for low-functioning patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Feb. 69(2):121-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

123. Puig O, Penadés R, Baeza I, De la Serna E, Sánchez-Gistau V, Bernardo M, et al. Cognitive remediation therapy in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Aug. 53(8):859-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Frances R Frankenburg, MD Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine; Chief of Inpatient Psychiatry and Consulting Psychiatrist, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Administration Medical Center; Associate Psychiatrist, McLean Hospital

Frances R Frankenburg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Psychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Glen L Xiong, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine; Medical Director, Sacramento County Mental Health Treatment Center

Glen L Xiong, MD is a member of the following medical societies: AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Psychiatric Association, Central California Psychiatric Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: SafelyYou, Blue Cross Blue Shield<br/>book co-editor for: Wolter Kluwer, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.

Ronald C Albucher, MD Chief Medical Officer, Westside Community Services; Consulting Staff, California Pacific Medical Center

Ronald C Albucher, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Psychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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