Body Dysmorphic Disorder Differential Diagnoses

1. Phillips KA, Diaz SF. Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997 Sep. 185(9):570-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Wilhelm S, Phillips KA, Steketee G. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual. New York: Guilford; 2013.

3. Neziroglu F, Hsia C, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Behavioral, cognitive, and family therapy for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2000 Sep. 23(3):657-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Krebs G, Turner C, Heyman I, Mataix-Cols D. Cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with body dysmorphic disorder: a case series. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2012 Jul. 40(4):452-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Thomas I, Patterson WM, Szepietowski JC, Chodynicki MP, Janniger CK, Hendel PM, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: more than meets the eye. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2005. 13(1):50-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. McElroy SL, Phillips KA, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. Body dysmorphic disorder: does it have a psychotic subtype?. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Oct. 54(10):389-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Jakubietz M, Jakubietz RJ, Kloss DF, Gruenert JJ. Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnosis and approach. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007 May. 119(6):1924-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Cotterill, JA, Millard, LG. Psychocutaneous disorders. Champion RH, Rook A, Ebling FJ, Wilkinson DS, eds. Rook/Wilkinson/Ebling Textbook of Dermatology. 6th ed. London, England: Blackwell Science; 1998. 2792-4.

9. Phillips KA, McElroy SL. Insight, overvalued ideation, and delusional thinking in body dysmorphic disorder: theoretical and treatment implications. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993 Nov. 181(11):699-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. American Psychiatric Association. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. 5th ed. Arlington, Va: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

11. Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Pagano ME. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2005 Jul-Aug. 46(4):254-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Didie ER, Walters MM, Pinto A, Menard W, Eisen JL, Mancebo M, et al. A comparison of quality of life and psychosocial functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul-Sep. 19(3):181-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C. Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2006 Mar-Apr. 47(2):77-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Phillips KA, Menard W. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul. 163(7):1280-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Rief W, Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, Borkenhagen A, Brähler E. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychol Med. 2006 Jun. 36(6):877-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Koran LM, Abujaoude E, Large MD, Serpe RT. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States adult population. CNS Spectr. 2008 Apr. 13(4):316-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Haas CF. Champion A. Secor D. Motivating factors for seeking cosmetic surgery: a synthesis of the literature. Plastic Surgical Nursing. 2008 Oct-Dec. 28(4):177-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Sep. 148(9):1138-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Allen A, Hollander E. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2000 Sep. 23(3):617-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Cleveland WL, DeLaPaz RL, Fawwaz RA, Challop RS. High-dose glycine treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a 5-year period. Neural Plast. 2009. 2009:768398. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Feusner JD, Moody T, Hembacher E, Townsend J, McKinley M, Moller H. Abnormalities of visual processing and frontostriatal systems in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Feb. 67(2):197-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Greenberg JL, Weingaren H, Reuman L, Abrams D, Mothi SS, Wilhelm S. Set Shifting and Visuospacial Organization Deficits in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Psychiatry Research. February 2018. 260:182-186.

23. Monzani B, Rijsdijk F, Anson M, Iervolino AC, Cherkas L, Spector T, et al. A twin study of body dysmorphic concerns. Psychol Med. 2012 Sep. 42(9):1949-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Feusner JD, Yaryura-Tobias J, Saxena S. The pathophysiology of body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image. 2008 Mar. 5(1):3-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Deckersbach T, Savage CR, Phillips KA. Characteristics of memory dysfunction in body dysmorphic disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000 Sep. 6(6):673-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Rangaprakash D, Bohon C, Lawrence KE, Moody T, Morfini F, Khalsa SS, et al. Aberrant Dynamic Connectivity for Fear Processing in Anorexia Nervosa and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 26 June 2018. [Full Text].

27. Johnson S, Williamson P, Wade TD. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Processing Deficits Associated with Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. August 2018. 107:83-94.

28. Phillips KA, Atala KD, Albertini RS. Case study: body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Sep. 34(9):1216-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Didie ER, Kuniega-Pietrzak T, Phillips KA. Body image in patients with body dysmorphic disorder: evaluations of and investment in appearance, health/illness, and fitness. Body Image. 2010 Jan. 7(1):66-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Calogero RM, Park LE, Rahemtulla ZK, Williams KC. Predicting excessive body image concerns among British university students: the unique role of Appearance-based Rejection Sensitivity. Body Image. 2010 Jan. 7(1):78-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Buhlmann U, Teachman BA, Naumann E, Fehlinger T, Rief W. The meaning of beauty: implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2009 Jun. 23(5):694-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Riddle MA, Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BA, et al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Aug 15. 48(4):287-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. Body dysmorphic disorder: an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, a form of affective spectrum disorder, or both?. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995. 56 Suppl 4:41-51; discussion 52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Stein DJ, Hollander E. Dermatology and conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Feb. 26(2 Pt 1):237-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Stein DJ, Hollander E. : APA Press. The spectrum of obsessive-compulsive related disorders. Hollander E, ed. Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders. Washington, DC: 1992. 241-71.

36. Feusner JD, Arienzo D, Li W, Zhan L, Gadelkarim J, Thompson PM, et al. White matter microstructure in body dysmorphic disorder and its clinical correlates. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Feb 28. 211(2):132-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Arienzo D, Leow A, Brown JA, Zhan L, Gadelkarim J, Hovav S, et al. Abnormal brain network organization in body dysmorphic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 May. 38(6):1130-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Buhlmann U, Marques LM, Wilhelm S. Traumatic experiences in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2012 Jan. 200(1):95-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Cotterill JA. Body dysmorphic disorder. Dermatol Clin. 1996 Jul. 14(3):457-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Mackley CL. Body dysmorphic disorder. Dermatol Surg. 2005 May. 31(5):553-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Phillips KA, Dufresne RG Jr, Wilkel CS, Vittorio CC. Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Mar. 42(3):436-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Pertschuk MJ, Whitaker LA. Body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cosmetic surgery patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 May. 101(6):1644-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Alavi M, Kalafi Y, Dehbozorgi GR, Javadpour A. Body dysmorphic disorder and other psychiatric morbidity in aesthetic rhinoplasty candidates. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011 Jun. 64(6):738-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Conrado LA, Hounie AG, Diniz JB, Fossaluza V, Torres AR, Miguel EC, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder among dermatologic patients: Prevalence and clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Aug. 63(2):235-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Phillips KA, Kaye WH. The relationship of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders to obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2007 May. 12(5):347-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Phillips KA, Didie ER, Feusner J, Wilhelm S. Body dysmorphic disorder: treating an underrecognized disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Sep. 165(9):1111-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Giannotti D, Frare F, Di Vaio S, Cassano GB. Gender-related differences in body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997 Sep. 185(9):578-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Grieve FG. A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eat Disord. 2007 Jan-Feb. 15(1):63-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Bjornsson AS, Dyck I, Moitra E, Stout RL, Weisberg RB, Keller MB, et al. The clinical course of body dysmorphic disorder in the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project (HARP). J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011 Jan. 199(1):55-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder. A survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1996 Aug. 169(2):196-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Cotterill JA, Cunliffe WJ. Suicide in dermatological patients. Br J Dermatol. 1997 Aug. 137(2):246-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Mollmann A, Dietel FA, Hunger A, Buhlmann U. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and associated features in German adolescents: A self-report survey. Psychiatry Research. 2017. 254:263-267.

53. Phillips KA, Quinn G, Stout RL. Functional impairment in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective, follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res. 2008 Jul. 42(9):701-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

54. Rabe-Jablonska J. [Results of long-term observation (3-11 years) of patients with dual diagnosis: body dysmorphic disorder and delusional disorder, somatic type]. Psychiatr Pol. 1998 Mar-Apr. 32(2):143-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Dingemans AE, van Rood YR, de Groot I, van Furth EF. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with an eating disorder: prevalence and characteristics. Int J Eat Disord. 2012 May. 45(4):562-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Phillips KA, Pagano ME, Menard W, Stout RL. A 12-month follow-up study of the course of body dysmorphic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 May. 163(5):907-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. Phillips KA, Hollander E, Rasmussen SA, Aronowitz BR, DeCaria C, Goodman WK. A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997. 33(1):17-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Butler Hospital. Butler Hospital Screening Questionnaire for Adolescents: Do I have BDD. Butler Hospital. Available at http://www.butler.org/body.cfm?id=237. Accessed: 6.6.10.

59. Veale D, Eshkevari E, Ellison N, Cardozo L, Robinson D, Kavouni A. Validation of genital appearance satisfaction scale and the cosmetic procedure screening scale for women seeking labiaplasty. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2013 Mar. 34(1):46-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Hunter-Yates J, Dufresne RG Jr, Phillips KA. Tanning in body dysmorphic disorder. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 May. 56(5 Suppl):S107-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Phillips KA, Taub SL. Skin picking as a symptom of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995. 31(2):279-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Yutzy, SParish, B. Somatoform Disorders. Tasman, A, Kay, J, Lieberman, J, First, M, Maj, M. Psychiatry. Third. London: John Wiley & Sons; 2008. 2: 1538-1542/74.

63. Nakata AC, Diniz JB, Torres AR, de Mathis MA, Fossaluza V, Bragancas CA, et al. Level of insight and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2007 Apr. 12(4):295-303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Conroy M, Menard W, Fleming-Ives K, Modha P, Cerullo H, Phillips KA. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder in an adult inpatient setting. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008 Jan-Feb. 30(1):67-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

65. Phillips KA, Kelly MM. Suicidality in a placebo-controlled fluoxetine study of body dysmorphic disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Jan. 24(1):26-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

66. Picavet V, Gabriëls L, Jorissen M, Hellings PW. Screening tools for body dysmorphic disorder in a cosmetic surgery setting. Laryngoscope. 2011 Dec. 121(12):2535-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Greenberg JL, Weingarden H, Wilhelm S. A Practical Guide to Managing Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the Cosmetic Surgery Setting. JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery. 24 January 2019. [Full Text].

68. Wilhelm S, Greenberg JL, Rosenfield E, Kasarskis I, Blashill AJ. The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptom Scale: Development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale of symptom specific dysfunction. Body Image. 2016 Mar 10. 17:82-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Ipser JC, Sander C, Stein DJ. Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21. CD005332. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Ravindran AV, da Silva TL, Ravindran LN, Richter MA, Rector NA. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: a review of the evidence-based treatments. Can J Psychiatry. 2009 May. 54(5):331-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P. Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995 Apr. 63 (2):263-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, Boocock A, Shah F, Willson R, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 1996 Sep. 34 (9):717-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Wilhelm S, Phillips KA, Didie E, Buhlmann U, Greenberg JL, Fama JM, et al. Modular cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2014 May. 45 (3):314-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Veale D, Anson M, Miles S, Pieta M, Costa A, Ellison N. Efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy versus anxiety management for body dysmorphic disorder: a randomised controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2014. 83 (6):341-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Wilhelm S, Phillips KA, Greenberg JL, O'Keefe SM, Hoeppner SS, Keshaviah A, et al. Efficacy and Posttreatment Effects of Therapist-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Supportive Psychotherapy for Adults With Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Feb 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. [Guideline] British Psychological Society, Royal College of Psychiatrists. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. National Guideline Clearinghouse. 2006;. Available at http://guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=9369.

77. Phillips KA, Hollander E. Treating body dysmorphic disorder with medication: evidence, misconceptions, and a suggested approach. Body Image. 2008 Mar. 5(1):13-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

78. Sondheimer A. Clomipramine treatment of delusional disorder-somatic type. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1988 Mar. 27(2):188-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Hollander E, Allen A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Schmeidler J, Wong C, et al. Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Nov. 56(11):1033-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Krasowska D, Szymanek M, Schwartz RA, Myslinski W. Cutaneous effects of the most commonly used antidepressant medication, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 May. 56(5):848-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Bull Menninger Clin. 1998 Fall. 62(4 Suppl A):A33-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Phillips KA. Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide. Oxford University Press; 2009.

83. Allen A, Hadley SJ, Kaplan A, Simeon D, Friedberg J, Priday L, et al. An open-label trial of venlafaxine in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2008 Feb. 13(2):138-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Phillips KA, Keshaviah A, Dougherty DD, Stout RL, Menard W, Wilhelm S. Pharmacotherapy Relapse Prevention in Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1. 173 (9):887-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. [Guideline] National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. London (UK): British Psychological Society, Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2006. 350 p. (National clinical practice guideline; no. 31).

86. Greenberg JL, Phillips KA, Steketee G, Hoeppner S, Whilhem S. Predictors of Response to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Behavior Therapy. 2019. 50:839-849.

87. Greenberg JL, Mothi SS, Wilhelm S. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Pilot Study. Behav Ther. 2016 Mar. 47 (2):213-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Phillipou A, Rossell SL, Wilding HE, Castle DJ. Randomized controlled trials of psychological and pharmacological treatments for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research. 2016. 245:179-185.

89. Enander J, Ljotsson B, Anderhell L, Runeborg M, Flygare O, Cottman O, et al. Long-term outcome of therapist-guided internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-NET): a naturalistic 2-year follow-up after a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2019. 9:

90. Weingarden H, Mothi SS, Ladis I, Hoeppner S, Reese HE, Timpano K, et al. D-Cycloserine-Augmented Behavior Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Preliminary Efficacy Trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research. October 2019. 43:937-947.

91. Linde J, Ruck C, Bjureberg J, Ivanov VZ, Djurfeldt DR, Ramnero J. Acceptance-Based Exposure Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Pilot Study. Behavioral Therapy. July 2015. 46:423-431.

92. Crerand CE, Infield AL, Sarwer DB. Psychological considerations in cosmetic breast augmentation. Plast Surg Nurs. 2007 Jul-Sep. 27(3):146-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Polo M. Body dysmorphic disorder: a screening guide for orthodontists. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Feb. 139(2):170-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Sheppard NP, O'Loughlin S, Malone JP. Psychogenic skin disease: a review of 35 cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1986 Nov. 149:636-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Iqbal Ahmed, MBBS, FRCPsych(UK) Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Tripler Army Medical Center; Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Clinical Professor of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine

Iqbal Ahmed, MBBS, FRCPsych(UK) is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, American College of Psychiatrists, American Neuropsychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association, Royal College of Psychiatrists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David R Bowman, MD Psychiatrist, Deputy Chief, Joint Behavioral Health Clinic, Multi-Disciplinary Outpatient Clinic, Medical Review Officer, Clinical Practice Guidelines Champion, External Behavioral Health Consultant, Department of Behavioral Health, Moncrief Army Health Clinic

David R Bowman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Psychiatric Association, American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry, American Society of Addiction Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anton Power, DO Resident Physician, Department of Pyschiatry, Tripler Army Medical Center; Teaching Fellow, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Bienenfeld, MD Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Geriatric Medicine, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine

David Bienenfeld, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, Association for Academic Psychiatry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head of Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, New York Academy of Medicine, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lawrence Genen, MD, MBA Board Certified Psychiatrist; Diplomate, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology; Founder, The Genen Group - A Multi-Specialty Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Practice

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas Cook, MD Resident Physician, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Carol Diane Berkowitz, MD Executive Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Professor, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center

Carol Diane Berkowitz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Pediatric Society, and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

O Joseph Bienvenu III, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

O Joseph Bienvenu III, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, and American Psychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

M Peter Chodynicki, MD Staff Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

M Peter Chodynicki, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Psychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dirk M Elston, MD Director, Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology, New York

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sing-Yi Feng, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology, Univerity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Staff Toxicologist, North Texas Poison Center, Parkland Memorial Hospital

Sing-Yi Feng, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Medical Toxicology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Camila K Janniger, MD Clinical Professor of Dermatology, Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Chief of Pediatric Dermatology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School

Camila K Janniger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey Meffert, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Dermatology, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio

Jeffrey Meffert, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Texas Dermatological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James J Nordlund, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

James J Nordlund, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Sigma Xi, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Caroly Pataki, MD Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Division Chair, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California

Caroly Pataki, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York Academy of Sciences, and Physicians for Social Responsibility

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Wanda M Patterson, MD Department of Dermatology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School

Wanda M Patterson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head, Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, New York Academy of Medicine, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jagvir Singh, MD Director, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Lutheran General Hospital of Park Ridge

Jagvir Singh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Richard P Vinson, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA

Richard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

What would you like to print?

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article