Roehrs T, Zorick F, Sicklesteel J. Excessive daytime sleepiness associated with insufficient sleep. Sleep. 1983. 6(4):319-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Billiard M. Diagnosis of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. An update based on the International classification of sleep disorders, 2nd edition. Sleep Med Rev. 2007 Oct. 11(5):377-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Guilleminault C. Disorders of excessive sleepiness. Ann Clin Res. 1985. 17(5):209-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arnulf I, Lin L, Gadoth N, File J, Lecendreux M, Franco P, et al. Kleine-Levin syndrome: a systematic study of 108 patients. Ann Neurol. 2008 Apr. 63 (4):482-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lavault S, Golmard JL, Groos E, Brion A, Dauvilliers Y, Lecendreux M, et al. Kleine-Levin syndrome in 120 patients: differential diagnosis and long episodes. Ann Neurol. 2015 Mar. 77 (3):529-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Abe K. Lithium prophylaxis of periodic hypersomnia. Br J Psychiatry. 1977 Mar. 130:312-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Itokawa K, Fukui M, Ninomiya M, Yamamoto T, Imabayashi E, Tamura N, et al. Gabapentin for Kleine-Levin syndrome. Intern Med. 2009. 48 (13):1183-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Peraita-Adrados R, Vicario JL, Tafti M, García de León M, Billiard M. Monozygotic twins affected with Kleine-Levin syndrome. Sleep. 2012 May 1. 35 (5):595-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ueno T, Fukuhara A, Ikegami A, Ohishi F, Kume K. Monozygotic twins concordant for Kleine-Levin syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2012 May 30. 12:31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roth B. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia: review and classification of 642 personally observed cases. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1976. 119(1):31-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arnulf I, Zeitzer JM, File J, et al. Kleine-Levin syndrome: a systematic review of 186 cases in the literature. Brain. 2005 Dec. 128(Pt 12):2763-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arnulf I, Rico TJ, Mignot E. Diagnosis, disease course, and management of patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Oct. 11 (10):918-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 6th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017.
Arnulf I, Lin L, Gadoth N, File J, Lecendreux M, Franco P, et al. Kleine-Levin syndrome: a systematic study of 108 patients. Ann Neurol. 2008 Apr. 63 (4):482-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Salter MS, White PD. A variant of the Kleine-Levin syndrome precipitated by both Epstein-Barr and varicella-zoster virus infections. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Mar 1. 33 (5):388-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
GALLINEK A. The Kleine-Levin syndrome: hypersomnia, bulimia, and abnormal mental states. World Neurol. 1962 Mar. 3:235-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Third Edition (ICSD-3). Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
Kas A, Lavault S, Habert MO, Arnulf I. Feeling unreal: a functional imaging study in patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome. Brain. 2014 Jul. 137 (Pt 7):2077-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
A Brierre de Boismont. Des Hallucinations: Ou Histoire Raisonnée des Apparitions, des Visions, des Songes, de l'Extase, des Rêves, du Magnetisme Et du Somnambulisme. Paris: Germer Baillière; 1862.
Billiard M, Jaussent I, Dauvilliers Y, Besset A. Recurrent hypersomnia: a review of 339 cases. Sleep Med Rev. 2011 Aug. 15 (4):247-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gadoth N, Kesler A, Vainstein G, Peled R, Lavie P. Clinical and polysomnographic characteristics of 34 patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome. J Sleep Res. 2001 Dec. 10 (4):337-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Huang YS, Guilleminault C, Lin KL, Hwang FM, Liu FY, Kung YP. Relationship between Kleine-Levin syndrome and upper respiratory infection in Taiwan. Sleep. 2012 Jan 1. 35 (1):123-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arnulf I, Zeitzer JM, File J, Farber N, Mignot E. Kleine-Levin syndrome: a systematic review of 186 cases in the literature. Brain. 2005 Dec. 128 (Pt 12):2763-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
GALLINEK A. The Kleine-Levin syndrome: hypersomnia, bulimia, and abnormal mental states. World Neurol. 1962 Mar. 3:235-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shukla GD, Bajpai HS, Mishra DN. Kleine-levin syndrome: a case report from India. Br J Psychiatry. 1982 Jul. 141:97-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Landtblom AM, Dige N, Schwerdt K, Säfström P, Granérus G. Short-term memory dysfunction in Kleine-Levin syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 Nov. 108 (5):363-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
CRITCHLEY M. Periodic hypersomnia and megaphagia in adolescent males. Brain. 1962 Dec. 85:627-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
American Sleep Disorders Association. The international classification of sleep disorders: Diagnosis and coding manual. Chicago, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 1990.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders—revised. Chicago, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.
Rosenow F, Kotagal P, Cohen BH, Green C, Wyllie E. Multiple sleep latency test and polysomnography in diagnosing Kleine-Levin syndrome and periodic hypersomnia. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 Sep. 17 (5):519-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Katz JD, Ropper AH. Familial Kleine-Levin syndrome: two siblings with unusually long hypersomnic spells. Arch Neurol. 2002 Dec. 59 (12):1959-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Portilla P, Durand E, Chalvon A, Habert M, Navelet Y, Prigent A, et al. [SPECT-identified hypoperfusion of the left temporomesial structures in a Kleine-Levin syndrome]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2002 May. 158 (5 Pt 1):593-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arnulf I, Lecendreux M, Franco P, Dauvilliers Y. [Kleine-Levin syndrome: state of the art]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008 Aug-Sep. 164 (8-9):658-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schenck CH, Arnulf I, Mahowald MW. Sleep and sex: what can go wrong? A review of the literature on sleep related disorders and abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences. Sleep. 2007 Jun. 30 (6):683-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Malhotra S, Das MK, Gupta N, Muralidharan R. A clinical study of Kleine-Levin syndrome with evidence for hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Aug 15. 42 (4):299-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
VLACH V. [Periodic somnolence, bulimia and mental disorder (Kleine-Levin syndrome)]. Cesk Neurol. 1962 Nov. 25:401-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Domzał-Stryga A, Emeryk-Szajewska B, Kowalski J. [A case of hypersomnia resembling Kleine-Levin syndrome]. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 1986 Mar-Apr. 20 (2):158-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Manni R, Martinetti M, Ratti MT, Tartara A. Electrophysiological and immunogenetic findings in recurrent monosymptomatic-type hypersomnia: a study of two unrelated Italian cases. Acta Neurol Scand. 1993 Oct. 88 (4):293-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hegarty A, Merriam AE. Autonomic events in Kleine-Levin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1990 Jul. 147 (7):951-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Koerber RK, Torkelson R, Haven G, Donaldson J, Cohen SM, Case M. Increased cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in Kleine-Levin syndrome. Neurology. 1984 Dec. 34 (12):1597-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fukunishi I, Hosokawa K. A female case with the Kleine-Levin syndrome and its physiopathologic aspects. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1989 Mar. 43 (1):45-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kleine W. Periodische schlafsucht. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol. 1925. 285-320.
Smolík P, Roth B. Kleine-Levin syndrome ethiopathogenesis and treatment. Acta Univ Carol Med Monogr. 1988. 128:5-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Billiard M, Guilleminault C, Dement WC. A menstruation-linked periodic hypersomnia. Kleine-Levin syndrome or new clinical entity?. Neurology. 1975 May. 25 (5):436-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rocamora R, Gil-Nagel A, Franch O, Vela-Bueno A. Familial recurrent hypersomnia: two siblings with Kleine-Levin syndrome and menstrual-related hypersomnia. J Child Neurol. 2010 Nov. 25 (11):1408-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sachs C, Persson HE, Hagenfeldt K. Menstruation-related periodic hypersomnia: a case study with successful treatment. Neurology. 1982 Dec. 32 (12):1376-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Billiard M, Guilleminault C, Dement WC. A menstruation-linked periodic hypersomnia: Kleine-Levin syndrome or new clinical entity?. Neurology. 1975. 25:436-443. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of Sleep Disorders. 3rd edition. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.;
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Rye DB, Bliwise DL, Parker K, Trotti LM, Saini P, Fairley J, et al. Modulation of vigilance in the primary hypersomnias by endogenous enhancement of GABAA receptors. Sci Transl Med. 2012 Nov 21. 4 (161):161ra151. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Montplaisir J, Poirier G. HLA in disorders of excessive sleepiness without cataplexy in Canada. Honda Y, Juti T. HLA in Narcolepsy. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1988. 186-190.
Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Idiopathic hypersomnia. A series of 42 patients. Brain. 1997 Aug. 120 ( Pt 8):1423-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Poirier G, Montplaisir J, Décary F, Momège D, Lebrun A. HLA antigens in narcolepsy and idiopathic central nervous system hypersomnolence. Sleep. 1986. 9 (1 Pt 2):153-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Billiard M. Idiopathic hypersomnia. Neurol Clin. 1996 Aug. 14 (3):573-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Honda Y, Honda M. [Idiopathic hypersomnia--review of literatures and clinical experiences on 16 Japanese cases]. Nihon Rinsho. 1998 Feb. 56 (2):371-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lippert J, Halfter H, Heidbreder A, Röhr D, Gess B, Boentert M, et al. Altered dynamics in the circadian oscillation of clock genes in dermal fibroblasts of patients suffering from idiopathic hypersomnia. PLoS One. 2014. 9 (1):e85255. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Guilleminault C, Faull KF, Miles L. Posttraumatic excessive daytime sleepiness: a review of 20 patients. Neurology. 1983 Dec. 33(12):1584-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Montplaisir J, de Champlain J, Young SN. Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia: biogenic amines and related compounds in CSF. Neurology. 1982 Nov. 32(11):1299-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Montplaisir J, de Champlain J, Young SN, Missala K, Sourkes TL, Walsh J, et al. Narcolepsy and idiopthic hypersomnia: biogenic amines and related compounds in CSF. Neurology. 1982 Nov. 32 (11):1299-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Guilleminault C, Faull KF. Sleepiness in nonnarcoleptic, non-sleep apneic EDS patients: the idiopathic CNS hypersomnolence. Sleep. 1982. 5 Suppl 2:S175-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Petitjean F, Jouvet M. [Hypersomnia and increase of cerebral 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid due to isthmic lesions in the cat]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1970. 164 (11):2288-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kanbayashi T, Kodama T, Kondo H, Satoh S, Inoue Y, Chiba S, et al. CSF histamine contents in narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 2009 Feb 1. 32(2):181-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Nishino S, Okuro M, Kotorii N, Anegawa E, Ishimaru Y, Matsumura M, et al. Hypocretin/orexin and narcolepsy: new basic and clinical insights. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2009 Jun 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Nishino S, Kanbayashi T. Symptomatic narcolepsy, cataplexy and hypersomnia, and their implications in the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin system. Sleep Med Rev. 2005 Aug. 9(4):269-310. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yamanaka A, Tsujino N, Funahashi H, Honda K, Guan JL, Wang QP, et al. Orexins activate histaminergic neurons via the orexin 2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002. 290:1237-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association;
Ohayon MM, Dauvilliers Y, Reynolds CF 3rd. Operational Definitions and Algorithms for Excessive Sleepiness in the General Population: Implications for DSM-5 Nosology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Jan. 69(1):71-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Anderson KN, Pilsworth S, Sharples LD, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Idiopathic hypersomnia: a study of 77 cases. Sleep. 2007 Oct. 30 (10):1274-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vernet C, Arnulf I. Idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep time: a controlled series of 75 patients. Sleep. 2009 Jun. 32 (6):753-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bruck D, Parkes JD. A comparison of idiopathic hypersomnia and narcolepsy-cataplexy using self report measures and sleep diary data. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996 May. 60 (5):576-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Broughton R et al. The socio-economic effects of idiopathic hypersomnia-comparison with controls and with compound narcoleptics. Sleep. 1978. 229-33.
Dauvilliers Y, Paquereau J, Bastuji H, Drouot X, Weil JS, Viot-Blanc V. Psychological health in central hypersomnias: the French Harmony study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Jun. 80 (6):636-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vernet C, Leu-Semenescu S, Buzare MA, Arnulf I. Subjective symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia: beyond excessive sleepiness. J Sleep Res. 2010 Dec. 19 (4):525-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bassetti C, Gugger M, Bischof M. The narcoleptic borderland: a multimodal diagnostic approach including cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A). Sleep Med. 2003 Jan. 4(1):7-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ohayon MM. From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know. Sleep Med Rev. 2008 Apr. 12(2):129-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Trotti LM, Saini P, Freeman AA, Bliwise DL, García PS, Jenkins A, et al. Improvement in daytime sleepiness with clarithromycin in patients with GABA-related hypersomnia: Clinical experience. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 Jul. 28 (7):697-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roehrs TA, Roth T. Chronic insufficient sleep and its recovery. Sleep Med. 2003 Jan. 4 (1):5-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sangal RB, Sangal JM, Belisle C. Subjective and objective indices of sleepiness (ESS and MWT) are not equally useful in patients with sleep apnea. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1999 Apr. 30(2):73-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rechtschaffen A, Roth B. Nocturnal sleep of hypersomniacs. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1969. 11(3):229-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sangal RB; Mitler MM; Sangal JM. Subjective sleepiness ratings (Epworth sleepiness scale) do not reflect the same parameter of sleepiness as objective sleepiness (maintenance of wakefulness test) in patients with narcolepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. Dec 1999. (110)12:2131-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Anderson KN, Pilsworth S, Sharples LD, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Idiopathic hypersomnia: a study of 77 cases. Sleep. 2007 Oct 1. 30(10):1274-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dement W, Rechtschaffen A, Gulevich G. The nature of the narcoleptic sleep attack. Neurology. 1966 Jan. 16(1):18-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roth T. Introduction: narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness: from the bench to the bedside. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007. 68 Suppl 13:4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schwartz JR. Modafinil: new indications for wake promotion. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Jan. 6(1):115-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Morgenthaler TI, Kapur VK, Brown T, Swick TJ, Alessi C, Aurora RN, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007 Dec 1. 30(12):1705-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Xywav (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates) [package insert]. Palo Alto, CA: Jazz Pharmaceuticals. August 2021. Available at [Full Text].
Ballon JS, Feifel D. A systematic review of modafinil: Potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Apr. 67(4):554-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Valentino RM, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Aug. 74(8):561-6, 568-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Poppe M, Friebel D, Reuner U, Todt H, Koch R, Heubner G. The Kleine-Levin syndrome - effects of treatment with lithium. Neuropediatrics. 2003. 34:113-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roth B, Nevsimalova S, Rechtschaffen A. Hypersomnia with "sleep drunkenness". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972 May. 26(5):456-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bassetti C, Pelayo R, Guilleminault C. Idiopathic Hypersomnia. Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine. 4th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2005. 791-800.
Roth B, Nevsimalova S, Rechtschaffen A. Hypersomnia with "sleep drunkenness". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972 May. 26 (5):456-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Billiard M, Dauvilliers Y. Idiopathic Hypersomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2001 Oct. 5 (5):349-358. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bassetti C, Gugger M, Bischof M, Mathis J, Sturzenegger C, Werth E, et al. The narcoleptic borderland: a multimodal diagnostic approach including cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A). Sleep Med. 2003 Jan. 4 (1):7-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B, Okun M, Nevsimalova S, Overeem S, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol. 2002 Oct. 59 (10):1553-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dauvilliers Y, Baumann CR, Carlander B, Bischof M, Blatter T, Lecendreux M, et al. CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and other hypersomnias and neurological conditions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Dec. 74 (12):1667-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bové A, Culebras A, Moore JT, Westlake RE. Relationship between sleep spindles and hypersomnia. Sleep. 1994 Aug. 17 (5):449-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baker TL, Guilleminault C, Nino-Murcia G, Dement WC. Comparative polysomnographic study of narcolepsy and idiopathic central nervous system hypersomnia. Sleep. 1986. 9 (1 Pt 2):232-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nicolas A, Lespérance P, Montplaisir J. Is excessive daytime sleepiness with periodic leg movements during sleep a specific diagnostic category?. Eur Neurol. 1998 Jul. 40 (1):22-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Montplaisir J, Fantini L. Idiopathic hypersomnia: a diagnostic dilemma. A commentary of "Idiopathic hypersomnia" (M. Billiard and Y. Dauvilliers). Sleep Med Rev. 2001 Oct. 5 (5):361-362. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Clerk A, Cetel M, Maistros P. A cause of excessive daytime sleepiness. The upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest. 1993 Sep. 104 (3):781-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roehrs T, Zorick F, Sicklesteel J, Wittig R, Roth T. Excessive daytime sleepiness associated with insufficient sleep. Sleep. 1983. 6 (4):319-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].