Vascular Dementia Medication

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

2. Zhang-Nunes SX, Maat-Schieman ML, van Duinen SG, Roos RA, Frosch MP, Greenberg SM. The cerebral beta-amyloid angiopathies: hereditary and sporadic. Brain Pathol. 2006 Jan. 16(1):30-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Schmidtke K, Hull M. Cerebral small vessel disease: how does it progress?. J Neurol Sci. 2005 Mar 15. 229-230:13-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Jellinger KA. The enigma of vascular cognitive disorder and vascular dementia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2007 Apr. 113(4):349-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Delano-Wood L, Abeles N, Sacco JM, Wierenga CE, Horne NR, Bozoki A. Regional white matter pathology in mild cognitive impairment: differential influence of lesion type on neuropsychological functioning. Stroke. 2008 Mar. 39(3):794-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Jurasic MJ, Popovic IM, Morovic S, Trkanjec Z, Seric V, Demarin V. Can beta stiffness index be proposed as risk factor for dementia?. Journal of Neurological Sciences. In press:

7. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study. JAMA. 1997 Mar 12. 277(10):813-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Roman GC, Kalaria RN. Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Dec. 27(12):1769-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Brodaty H, McGilchrist C, Harris L, Peters KE. Time until institutionalization and death in patients with dementia. Role of caregiver training and risk factors. Arch Neurol. 1993 Jun. 50(6):643-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Brunnstrom HR, Englund EM. Cause of death in patients with dementia disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Apr. 16(4):488-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Phelan EA, Borson S, Grothaus L, Balch S, Larson EB. Association of incident dementia with hospitalizations. JAMA. 2012 Jan 11. 307(2):165-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov. 12(3):189-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. Apr 1983. 17:37-49.

14. Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, Shamoian CA. Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biol Psychiatry. 1988 Feb 1. 23(3):271-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Schneider B, Maurer K, Frolich L. [Dementia and suicide]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2001 Apr. 69(4):164-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Price CC, Jefferson AL, Merino JG, Heilman KM, Libon DJ. Subcortical vascular dementia: integrating neuropsychological and neuroradiologic data. Neurology. 2005 Aug 9. 65(3):376-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov. 12 (3):189-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Pfeifer LA, White LR, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Launer LJ. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive function: the HAAS autopsy study. Neurology. June 11, 2002. 58(11):1629-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Rusanen M, Kivipelto M, Quesenberry CP Jr, Zhou J, Whitmer RA. Heavy Smoking in Midlife and Long-term Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Oct 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Roman GC. The epidemiology of vascular dementia. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2008. vol. 89(3rd series):639-658.

21. Nagata K, Maruya H, Yuya H, et al. Can PET data differentiate Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia?. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000 Apr. 903:252-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Starkstein SE, Sabe L, Vazquez S, et al. Neuropsychological, psychiatric, and cerebral blood flow findings in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Stroke. 1996 Mar. 27(3):408-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Amenta F, Lanari A, Mignini F, Silvestrelli G, Traini E, Tomassoni D. Nicardipine use in cerebrovascular disease: A review of controlled clinical studies. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. In press:

24. Seitz DP, Adunuri N, Gill SS, et al. Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Feb 16. 2:CD008191. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. McNamara D. Physical Fitness Tied to a Nearly 90% Reduction in Dementia Risk. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/894032. March 16, 2018; Accessed: March 27, 2018.

26. Hörder H, Johansson L, Guo X, Grimby G, Kern S, Östling S, et al. Midlife cardiovascular fitness and dementia: A 44-year longitudinal population study in women. Neurology. 2018 Mar 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Schwarzinger M, Pollock BG, Hasan OSM, Dufouil C, Rehm J, QalyDays Study Group. Contribution of alcohol use disorders to the burden of dementia in France 2008-13: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2018 Mar. 3 (3):e124-e132. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Meeuwsen EJ, Melis RJ, Van Der Aa GC, Golüke-Willemse GA, De Leest BJ, Van Raak FH, et al. Effectiveness of dementia follow-up care by memory clinics or general practitioners: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012 May 15. 344:e3086. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Vercambre MN, Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Kang JH. Physical activity and cognition in women with vascular conditions. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Jul 25. 171(14):1244-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Shprecher D and Mehta L. The syndrome of delayed post- hypoxic leukoencephalopathy. Neurorehabilitation. 2010. 26:65-72.

31. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias of late life. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 May. 154(5 Suppl):1-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Ballard C, McKeith I, O'Brien J, et al. Neuropathological substrates of dementia and depression in vascular dementia, with a particular focus on cases with small infarct volumes. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000 Mar-Apr. 11(2):59-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Caplan LR. Binswanger's disease--revisited. Neurology. 1995 Apr. 45(4):626-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Chabriat H, Vahedi K, Iba-Zizen MT, et al. Clinical spectrum of CADASIL: a study of 7 families. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Lancet. 1995 Oct 7. 346(8980):934-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Chui HC. Vascular dementia, a new beginning: shifting focus from clinical phenotype to ischemic brain injury. Neurol Clin. 2001. 18:951-77.

36. Cummings JL. Vascular subcortical dementias: clinical aspects. Dementia. 1994 May-Aug. 5(3-4):177-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Apr 13. 359(9314):1283-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. European Dementia Study. European Pentoxifylline Multi-Infarct Dementia Study. Eur Neurol. 1996. 36(5):315-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Fagerstrom KO. Reducing the weight gain after stopping smoking. Addict Behav. 1987. 12(1):91-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Grilli M, Pizzi M, Memo M, Spano P. Neuroprotection by aspirin and sodium salicylate through blockade of NF-kappaB activation. Science. 1996 Nov 22. 274(5291):1383-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Hachinski VC, Bowler JV. Vascular dementia. Neurology. 1993 Oct. 43(10):2159-60; discussion 2160-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Hebert R, Brayne C. Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Neuroepidemiology. 1995. 14(5):240-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. in't Veld BA, Ruitenberg A, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Breteler MM. Antihypertensive drugs and incidence of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2001 May-Jun. 22(3):407-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Kalaria RN. The role of cerebral ischemia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2000 Mar-Apr. 21(2):321-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol. 1997 Nov. 42(5):776-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Meyer JS, Huang J, Chowdhury MH. MRI confirms mild cognitive impairments prodromal for Alzheimer's, vascular and Parkinson-Lewy body dementias. J Neurol Sci. 2007 Jun 15. 257(1-2):97-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Meyer JS, Rogers RL, McClintic K, et al. Randomized clinical trial of daily aspirin therapy in multi-infarct dementia. A pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989 Jun. 37(6):549-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: a randomized, controlled, open 12-month study in 208 patients. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2003 Sep-Oct. 18(5):265-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, et al. Rivastigmine in vascular dementia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 Jun. 5(6):1399-410. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Nelson NW. Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia and vascular dementia. Dis Mon. 2007 Mar. 53(3):148-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Premkumar DR, Cohen DL, Hedera P, Friedland RP, Kalaria RN. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 alleles in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cerebrovascular pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol. 1996 Jun. 148(6):2083-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Sadowski M, Pankiewicz J, Scholtzova H, Li YS, Quartermain D, Duff K, et al. Links between the pathology of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jun. 29(6):1257-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Skoog I. Status of risk factors for vascular dementia. Neuroepidemiology. 1998. 17(1):2-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Vascular Dementia Conference. Summary of the 1st International Conference on the Development of Drug Treatment for Vascular Dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disorders. Dec 1999. 13, Supplement 3:S1-S206.

55. Wetterling T, Kanitz RD, Borgis KJ. Comparison of different diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia (ADDTC, DSM-IV, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN). Stroke. 1996 Jan. 27(1):30-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Wilkinson D, Doody R, Helme R. Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2003 Aug 26. 61(4):479-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Kannayiram Alagiakrishnan, MD, MBBS, MPH, MHA Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Canada

Kannayiram Alagiakrishnan, MD, MBBS, MPH, MHA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Geriatrics Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Glen L Xiong, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine; Medical Director, Sacramento County Mental Health Treatment Center

Glen L Xiong, MD is a member of the following medical societies: AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Psychiatric Association, Central California Psychiatric Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: SafelyYou, Blue Cross Blue Shield<br/>book co-editor for: Wolter Kluwer, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.

Mohammed A Memon, MD Psychiatrist/Geriatric Psychiatrist, Carolina Center for Behavioral Health; Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

Mohammed A Memon, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kamal Masaki, MD Associate Director of Geriatric Medicine Fellowship, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, John Burns School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article