Approach Considerations

The geriatric population is the largest group of people who use hypnotic drugs. People older than 60 years receive 33% of all hypnotic prescriptions, although they constitute only 14% of the population. The use of sedative-hypnotics by the elderly population has been associated with falls, hip fractures, and daytime carryover symptoms. When evaluating a patient, exclude primary sleep disorders and review medications and other contributory medical conditions.

Patient education on age-related changes in sleep and good sleep hygiene may be adequate treatment for many older adults. If the initial history and physical examination findings do not reveal a serious underlying cause, a trial of improved sleep hygiene is the best initial approach.

The common recommended measures include the following:

Maintain a regular wake-up time
Maintain a regular sleeping time
Decrease or eliminate daytime naps
Exercise daily but not immediately before bedtime
Use the bed only for sleeping or sex
Do not read or watch television in bed
Do not use bedtime as worry time
Avoid heavy meals at bedtime
Limit or eliminate alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine before bedtime
Maintain a routine period of preparation for bed (eg, washing up, brushing teeth)
Control the nighttime environment with a comfortable temperature, quietness, and darkness.
Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothes to bed
If unable to sleep within 30 minutes, get out of bed and perform a soothing activity, such as listening to soft music or reading, but avoid exposure to bright light during these times
Get adequate exposure to bright light during the day
Avoid daytime naps; explaining to the patient that daytime naps decrease nighttime sleep is helpful

People who are overweight and habitually snore loudly may be helped by weight loss. All people who snore loudly should abstain from alcohol or other sedatives before going to bed. They should also take measures to avoid supine sleeping (eg, by taping a tennis ball to the back of their bedclothes).

In the absence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), contributing conditions, such as allergies, nasal pathology, or nasopharyngeal enlargement, should be sought and adequately managed by intranasal corticoid sprays or evaluated by an ear, nose, and throat specialist. If the sleep problem is secondary to a medical problem, treat the primary problem rather than the sleep problem. Polysomnography is indicated when primary sleep disorders such as SA or periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are suspected.

Consultation with appropriate specialists may be indicated, depending on the underlying causes of the sleep disorder, such as psychiatric consultation for severe depression and pulmonary or surgical consultation for obstructive sleep apnea. Psychologists may provide cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia.

For older patients who are computer savvy, computerized cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CCBT-I) may be a more attractive approach than the traditional face-to-face therapy sessions. In a meta-analysis, CCBT-I using Internet programs improved several sleep parameters and showed a high treatment adherence rate.^[39]

Medication

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Author

Glen L Xiong, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine; Medical Director, Sacramento County Mental Health Treatment Center

Glen L Xiong, MD is a member of the following medical societies: AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Psychiatric Association, Central California Psychiatric Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: SafelyYou, Blue Cross Blue Shield<br/>book co-editor for: Wolter Kluwer, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.

Coauthor(s)

Ariel B Neikrug, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Director, Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, University of California, Irvine

Ariel B Neikrug, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Sleep Research Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Olivia Vukcevich, BS Junior Specialist,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Ana Hategan, MD, FRCPC Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McMaster University School of Medicine; Geriatric Psychiatrist, St Joseph's Health Care Hamilton, Canada

Ana Hategan, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: Canadian Academy of Geriatric Psychiatry, Canadian Coalition for Seniors' Mental Health, Canadian Psychiatric Association, International Psychogeriatric Association, Ontario Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Book royalties and/or honoraria for articles from American Psychiatric Publishing, Springer, and Current Psychiatry.

Additional Contributors

Angela Gentili, MD Director of Geriatric Medicine Fellowship Program, Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA

Angela Gentili, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Virginia Geriatrics Society, American Geriatrics Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Guy E Brannon, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; Director, Adult Psychiatry Unit, Chemical Dependency Unit, Clinical Research, Brentwood Behavior Health Company

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Sunovion; Forest.

Acknowledgements

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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