Somatic Symptom Disorders Differential Diagnoses

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. Text Revision.

3. Holliday KL, Macfarlane GJ, Nicholl BI, Creed F, Thomson W, McBeth J. Genetic variation in neuroendocrine genes associates with somatic symptoms in the general population: results from the EPIFUND study. J Psychosom Res. 2010 May. 68 (5):469-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Atmaca M, Sirlier B, Yildirim H, Kayali A. Hippocampus and amygdalar volumes in patients with somatization disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Aug 15. 35(7):1699-703. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. van der Kruijs SJ, Bodde NM, Vaessen MJ, Lazeron RH, Vonck K, Boon P, et al. Functional connectivity of dissociation in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Mar. 83(3):239-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Kurlansik SL, Maffei MS. Somatic Symptom Disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Jan 1. 93 (1):49-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Hilderink PH, Collard R, Rosmalen JG, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of somatoform disorders and medically unexplained symptoms in old age populations in comparison with younger age groups: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev. 2013 Jan. 12 (1):151-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Limburg K, Sattel H, Radziej K, Lahmann C. DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder in patients with vertigo and dizziness symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 2016 Dec. 91:26-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Baruffol E, Thilmany MC. Anxiety, depression, somatization and alcohol abuse. Prevalence rates in a general Belgian community sample. Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1993 May-Jun. 93(3):136-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Chioqueta AP, Stiles TC. Suicide risk in patients with somatization disorder. Crisis. 2004. 25(1):3-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Wiborg JF, Gieseler D, Fabisch AB, Voigt K, Lautenbach A, Löwe B. Suicidality in primary care patients with somatoform disorders. Psychosom Med. 2013 Nov-Dec. 75 (9):800-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Okland TS, Gonzalez JR, Ferber AT, Mann SE. Association Between Patient Review of Systems Score and Somatization. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Sep 1. 143 (9):870-875. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Kendler KS, Aggen SH, Knudsen GP, Røysamb E, Neale MC, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for syndromal and subsyndromal common DSM-IV axis I and all axis II disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Jan. 168(1):29-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Maes M, Galecki P, Verkerk R, Rief W. Somatization, but not depression, is characterized by disorders in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, indicating increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and lowered kynurenine aminotransferase activity. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2011. 32(3):264-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Katzer A, Oberfeld D, Hiller W, Gerlach AL, Witthöft M. Tactile perceptual processes and their relationship to somatoform disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012 May. 121(2):530-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Gao X, McSwiney P, Court A, Wiggins A, Sawyer SM. Somatic Symptom Disorders in Adolescent Inpatients. J Adolesc Health. 2018 Dec. 63 (6):779-784. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Laferton JAC, Stenzel NM, Rief W, Klaus K, Brähler E, Mewes R. Screening for DSM-5 Somatic Symptom Disorder: Diagnostic Accuracy of Self-Report Measures Within a Population Sample. Psychosom Med. 2017 Nov/Dec. 79 (9):974-981. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Gierk B, Kohlmann S, Kroenke K, Spangenberg L, Zenger M, Brähler E, et al. The somatic symptom scale-8 (SSS-8): a brief measure of somatic symptom burden. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Mar. 174 (3):399-407. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Werring DJ, Weston L, Bullmore ET. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the cerebral response to visual stimulation in medically unexplained visual loss. Psychol Med. 2004 May. 34(4):583-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Martin A, Rauh E, Fichter M, Rief W. A one-session treatment for patients suffering from medically unexplained symptoms in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. Psychosomatics. 2007 Jul-Aug. 48(4):294-303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Smith GR Jr, Monson RA, Ray DC. Psychiatric consultation in somatization disorder. A randomized controlled study. N Engl J Med. 1986 May 29. 314(22):1407-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Hennings A, Schwarz MJ, Riemer S, Stapf TM, Selberdinger VB, Rief W. Exercise affects symptom severity but not biological measures in depression and somatization - results on IL-6, neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine and 5-HIAA. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Dec 30. 210 (3):925-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Erkic M, Bailer J, Fenske SC, Schmidt SNL, Trojan J, Schröder A, et al. Impaired emotion processing and a reduction in trust in patients with somatic symptom disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2018 Jan. 25 (1):163-172. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Bleichhardt G, Timmer B, Rief W. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for patients with multiple somatoform symptoms--a randomised controlled trial in tertiary care. J Psychosom Res. 2004 Apr. 56(4):449-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Beltman MW, Voshaar RC, Speckens AE. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression in people with a somatic disease: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry. 2010 Jul. 197(1):11-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Huang M, Luo B, Hu J, Wei N, Chen L, Wang S, et al. Combination of citalopram plus paliperidone is better than citalopram alone in the treatment of somatoform disorder: results of a 6-week randomized study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 May. 27(3):151-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Barsky AJ, Ahern DK. Cognitive behavior therapy for hypochondriasis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Mar 24. 291(12):1464-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Egloff N, Cámara RJ, von Känel R, Klingler N, Marti E, Ferrari ML. Hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia in somatoform pain disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014 May-Jun. 36(3):284-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Harris AM, Orav EJ, Bates DW, Barsky AJ. Somatization increases disability independent of comorbidity. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Feb. 24(2):155-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Kroenke K. Efficacy of treatment for somatoform disorders: a review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2007 Dec. 69(9):881-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Wittchen HU, Jönsson B. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Jan. 19(1):155-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Roca M, Gili M, Garcia-Garcia M, Salva J, Vives M, Garcia Campayo J, et al. Prevalence and comorbidity of common mental disorders in primary care. J Affect Disord. 2009 Apr 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Sumathipala A, Siribaddana S, Abeysingha MR, De Silva P, Dewey M, Prince M, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy v. structured care for medically unexplained symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2008 Jul. 193(1):51-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. van Ravesteijn H, Wittkampf K, Lucassen P, van de Lisdonk E, van den Hoogen H, van Weert H, et al. Detecting somatoform disorders in primary care with the PHQ-15. Ann Fam Med. 2009 May-Jun. 7(3):232-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Kleinstäuber M, Witthöft M, Steffanowski A, van Marwijk H, Hiller W, Lambert MJ. Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 7. CD010628. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

William R Yates, MD, MS Research Psychiatrist, Laureate Institute for Brain Research; Professor of Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine at Tulsa

William R Yates, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Alexander B Shortridge, BA East Tennessee State University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey S Forrest, MD Staff Psychiatrist, Orange County Health Care Agency

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Glen L Xiong, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine; Medical Director, Sacramento County Mental Health Treatment Center

Glen L Xiong, MD is a member of the following medical societies: AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Psychiatric Association, Central California Psychiatric Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: SafelyYou, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Included Health<br/>book co-editor for: Wolter Kluwer, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.

Mohammed A Memon, MD Psychiatrist/Geriatric Psychiatrist, Carolina Center for Behavioral Health; Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

Mohammed A Memon, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article