Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Questions & Answers

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23. Zhou XS, Shahabuddin S, Zahn BR, Babcock MA, Badr MS. Effect of gender on the development of hypocapnic apnea/hypopnea during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol. 2000 Jul. 89(1):192-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Sands SA, Edwards BA, Kelly VJ, Skuza EM, Davidson MR, Wilkinson MH, et al. Mechanism underlying accelerated arterial oxygen desaturation during recurrent apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Oct 1. 182(7):961-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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29. Rowley JA, Aboussouan LS, Badr MS. The use of clinical prediction formulas in the evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2000 Nov 1. 23(7):929-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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32. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Decision Memo for Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) (CAG-00093R2). [Full Text].

33. Goetting, C , Downey III R. Sick, symptomatic and undiagnosed. 2010.

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35. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A. Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jan. 157(1):144-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Young T, Shahar E, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Newman AB, Gottlieb DJ, et al. Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 22. 162(8):893-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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38. Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V. Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Mar. 149(3 Pt 1):722-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Hla KM, Young TB, Bidwell T, Palta M, Skatrud JB, Dempsey J. Sleep apnea and hypertension. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Mar 1. 120(5):382-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Shahar E, Redline S, Young T, Boland LL, Baldwin CM, Nieto FJ, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 May 1. 167(9):1186-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Young T, Finn L, Austin D, Peterson A. Menopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 May 1. 167(9):1181-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Young T, Skatrud J, Peppard PE. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. JAMA. 2004 Apr 28. 291(16):2013-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. O'Connor C, Thornley KS, Hanly PJ. Gender differences in the polysomnographic features of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May. 161(5):1465-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Ware JC, McBrayer RH, Scott JA. Influence of sex and age on duration and frequency of sleep apnea events. Sleep. 2000 Mar 15. 23(2):165-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Dancey DR, Hanly PJ, Soong C, Lee B, Shepard J Jr, Hoffstein V. Gender differences in sleep apnea: the role of neck circumference. Chest. 2003 May. 123(5):1544-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet. 2005 Mar 19-25. 365(9464):1046-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, Szklo-Coxe M, Austin D, Nieto FJ, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep. 2008 Aug 1. 31(8):1071-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Marshall NS, Wong KK, Liu PY, Cullen SR, Knuiman MW, Grunstein RR. Sleep apnea as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality: the Busselton Health Study. Sleep. 2008 Aug 1. 31(8):1079-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

49. Punjabi NM, Caffo BS, Goodwin JL, Gottlieb DJ, Newman AB, O'Connor GT, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2009 Aug. 6(8):e1000132. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Rich J, Raviv A, Raviv N, Brietzke SE. All-Cause Mortality and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity Revisited. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012 Jun 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Campos-Rodriguez F, Martinez-Garcia MA, de la Cruz-Moron I, Almeida-Gonzalez C, Catalan-Serra P, Montserrat JM. Cardiovascular mortality in women with obstructive sleep apnea with or without continuous positive airway pressure treatment: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Jan 17. 156(2):115-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Martinez-Garcia MA, Campos-Rodriguez F, Catalan-Serra P, Soler-Cataluna JJ, Almeida-Gonzalez C, De la Cruz Moron I, et al. Cardiovascular mortality in obstructive sleep apnea in the elderly: role of long-term continuous positive airway pressure treatment: a prospective observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Nov 1. 186(9):909-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Campos-Rodriguez F, Pena-Grinan N, Reyes-Nunez N, De la Cruz-Moron I, Perez-Ronchel J, De la Vega-Gallardo F, et al. Mortality in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea patients treated with positive airway pressure. Chest. 2005 Aug. 128(2):624-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Martinez-Garcia MA, Soler-Cataluna JJ, Ejarque-Martinez L, Soriano Y, Roman-Sanchez P, Illa FB, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces mortality in patients with ischemic stroke and obstructive sleep apnea: a 5-year follow-up study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jul 1. 180(1):36-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Gami AS, Howard DE, Olson EJ, Somers VK. Day-night pattern of sudden death in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 24. 352(12):1206-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Chaouat A, Weitzenblum E, Krieger J, Oswald M, Kessler R. Pulmonary hemodynamics in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Results in 220 consecutive patients. Chest. 1996 Feb. 109(2):380-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Baguet JP, Barone-Rochette G, Levy P, Vautrin E, Pierre H, Ormezzano O, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is linked to severity of obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J. 2010 Dec. 36(6):1323-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Sassani A, Findley LJ, Kryger M, Goldlust E, George C, Davidson TM. Reducing motor-vehicle collisions, costs, and fatalities by treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 2004 May 1. 27(3):453-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Horstmann S, Hess CW, Bassetti C, Gugger M, Mathis J. Sleepiness-related accidents in sleep apnea patients. Sleep. 2000 May 1. 23(3):383-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. George CF, Smiley A. Sleep apnea & automobile crashes. Sleep. 1999 Sep 15. 22(6):790-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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62. Ghosh D, Jamson SL, Baxter PD, Elliott MW. Continuous measures of driving performance on an advanced office-based driving simulator can be used to predict simulator task failure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Thorax. 2012 May 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Howard ME, Desai AV, Grunstein RR, Hukins C, Armstrong JG, Joffe D, et al. Sleepiness, sleep-disordered breathing, and accident risk factors in commercial vehicle drivers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov 1. 170(9):1014-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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65. Risser MR, Ware JC, Freeman FG. Driving simulation with EEG monitoring in normal and obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep. 2000 May 1. 23(3):393-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. George CF, Boudreau AC, Smiley A. Comparison of simulated driving performance in narcolepsy and sleep apnea patients. Sleep. 1996 Nov. 19(9):711-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Philip P, Sagaspe P, Taillard J, Valtat C, Moore N, Akerstedt T, et al. Fatigue, sleepiness, and performance in simulated versus real driving conditions. Sleep. 2005 Dec 1. 28(12):1511-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Turkington PM, Sircar M, Allgar V, Elliott MW. Relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea, driving simulator performance, and risk of road traffic accidents. Thorax. 2001 Oct. 56(10):800-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

69. Hack M, Davies RJ, Mullins R, Choi SJ, Ramdassingh-Dow S, Jenkinson C, et al. Randomised prospective parallel trial of therapeutic versus subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure on simulated steering performance in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax. 2000 Mar. 55(3):224-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

70. Turkington PM, Sircar M, Saralaya D, Elliott MW. Time course of changes in driving simulator performance with and without treatment in patients with sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax. 2004 Jan. 59(1):56-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

71. George CF. Reduction in motor vehicle collisions following treatment of sleep apnoea with nasal CPAP. Thorax. 2001 Jul. 56(7):508-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

72. Findley L, Smith C, Hooper J, Dineen M, Suratt PM. Treatment with nasal CPAP decreases automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Mar. 161(3 Pt 1):857-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Pack AI, Pien GW. How much do crashes related to obstructive sleep apnea cost?. Sleep. 2004 May 1. 27(3):369-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. American Thoracic Society. Sleep apnea, sleepiness, and driving risk. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Nov. 150(5 Pt 1):1463-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Punjabi NM, Bandeen-Roche K, Young T. Predictors of objective sleep tendency in the general population. Sleep. 2003 Sep. 26(6):678-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Benbadis SR, Mascha E, Perry MC, Wolgamuth BR, Smolley LA, Dinner DS. Association between the Epworth sleepiness scale and the multiple sleep latency test in a clinical population. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Feb 16. 130(4 Pt 1):289-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Chervin RD, Aldrich MS. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale may not reflect objective measures of sleepiness or sleep apnea. Neurology. 1999 Jan 1. 52(1):125-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Punjabi NM, O'hearn DJ, Neubauer DN, Nieto FJ, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, et al. Modeling hypersomnolence in sleep-disordered breathing. A novel approach using survival analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jun. 159(6):1703-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Black JE, Hirshkowitz M. Modafinil for treatment of residual excessive sleepiness in nasal continuous positive airway pressure-treated obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Sleep. 2005 Apr 1. 28(4):464-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Chervin RD. Sleepiness, fatigue, tiredness, and lack of energy in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2000 Aug. 118(2):372-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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83. Nuckton TJ, Glidden DV, Browner WS, Claman DM. Physical examination: Mallampati score as an independent predictor of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2006 Jul 1. 29(7):903-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Chung F, Yegneswaran B, Liao P, Chung SA, Vairavanathan S, Islam S, et al. STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2008 May. 108(5):812-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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88. Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, Shahar E, Samet JM, Redline S, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA. 2000 Apr 12. 283(14):1829-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 11. 342(19):1378-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. O'Connor GT, Caffo B, Newman AB, Quan SF, Rapoport DM, Redline S, et al. Prospective study of sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jun 15. 179(12):1159-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

91. Becker HF, Jerrentrup A, Ploch T, Grote L, Penzel T, Sullivan CE, et al. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation. 2003 Jan 7. 107(1):68-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Faccenda JF, Mackay TW, Boon NA, Douglas NJ. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Feb. 163(2):344-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Pepperell JC, Ramdassingh-Dow S, Crosthwaite N, Mullins R, Jenkinson C, Stradling JR, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised parallel trial. Lancet. 2002 Jan 19. 359(9302):204-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Barbe F, Durán-Cantolla J, Capote F, de la Pena M, Chiner E, Masa JF, et al. Long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure in hypertensive patients with sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Apr 1. 181(7):718-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Pepin JL, Tamisier R, Barone-Rochette G, Launois SH, Levy P, Baguet JP. Comparison of continuous positive airway pressure and valsartan in hypertensive patients with sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Oct 1. 182(7):954-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi MC, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G. Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Sep 1. 172(5):613-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi GF. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Oct 1. 176(7):706-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Wang H, Parker JD, Newton GE, Floras JS, Mak S, Chiu KL, et al. Influence of obstructive sleep apnea on mortality in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Apr 17. 49(15):1625-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Kaneko Y, Floras JS, Usui K, Plante J, Tkacova R, Kubo T, et al. Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 27. 348(13):1233-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Javaheri S, Caref EB, Chen E, Tong KB, Abraham WT. Sleep apnea testing and outcomes in a large cohort of medicare beneficiaries with newly diagnosed heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb 15. 183(4):539-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Montemurro LT, Floras JS, Millar PJ, Kasai T, Gabriel JM, Spaak J, et al. Inverse Relationship of Subjective Daytime Sleepiness to Sympathetic Activity in Heart Failure Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Chest. 2012 Apr 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Mehra R, Stone KL, Varosy PD, Hoffman AR, Marcus GM, Blackwell T, et al. Nocturnal Arrhythmias across a spectrum of obstructive and central sleep-disordered breathing in older men: outcomes of sleep disorders in older men (MrOS sleep) study. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jun 22. 169(12):1147-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

103. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, Lee ET, Newman AB, Javier Nieto F, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jan. 163(1):19-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Arzt M, Young T, Finn L, Skatrud JB, Bradley TD. Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec 1. 172(11):1447-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

105. Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med. 2005 Nov 10. 353(19):2034-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Munoz R, Duran-Cantolla J, Martinez-Vila E, Gallego J, Rubio R, Aizpuru F, et al. Severe sleep apnea and risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly. Stroke. 2006 Sep. 37(9):2317-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Ip MS, Lam B, Ng MM, Lam WK, Tsang KW, Lam KS. Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Mar 1. 165(5):670-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Punjabi NM, Sorkin JD, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP, Schwartz AR, Smith PL. Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Mar 1. 165(5):677-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Punjabi NM, Shahar E, Redline S, Gottlieb DJ, Givelber R, Resnick HE. Sleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Sep 15. 160(6):521-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Reichmuth KJ, Austin D, Skatrud JB, Young T. Association of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: a population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec 15. 172(12):1590-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

111. Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L. Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Apr 1. 165(7):934-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Lavie L, Vishnevsky A, Lavie P. Evidence for lipid peroxidation in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2004 Feb 1. 27(1):123-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Yokoe T, Minoguchi K, Matsuo H, Oda N, Minoguchi H, Yoshino G, et al. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Circulation. 2003 Mar 4. 107(8):1129-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Larkin EK, Rosen CL, Kirchner HL, Storfer-Isser A, Emancipator JL, Johnson NL, et al. Variation of C-reactive protein levels in adolescents: association with sleep-disordered breathing and sleep duration. Circulation. 2005 Apr 19. 111(15):1978-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Tazaki T, Minoguchi H, Tanaka A, Oda N, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Sep 1. 172(5):625-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Tazaki T, Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Samson KT, Minoguchi H, Tanaka A, et al. Increased levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Dec 15. 170(12):1354-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Taheri S, Austin D, Lin L, Nieto FJ, Young T, Mignot E. Correlates of serum C-reactive protein (CRP)--no association with sleep duration or sleep disordered breathing. Sleep. 2007 Aug 1. 30(8):991-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Himanshu Wickramasinghe, MD, MBBS Attending Physician, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital

Himanshu Wickramasinghe, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James A Rowley, MD Professor, Fellowship Program Director, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

James A Rowley, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Daniel R Ouellette, MD, FCCP Associate Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Pulmonary Medicine General Practice Unit (F2), Senior Staff and Attending Physician, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital

Daniel R Ouellette, MD, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Received research grant from: Sanofi Pharmaceutical.

Zab Mosenifar, MD, FACP, FCCP Geri and Richard Brawerman Chair in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Professor and Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Medical Director, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Zab Mosenifar, MD, FACP, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ralph Downey, III, PhD Staff Sleep Specialist, Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine

Ralph Downey, III, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Sleep Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC Professor and Head, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine; Site Director, Respiratory Medicine, St Boniface General Hospital, Canada

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Thoracic Society, Canadian Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal Society of Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine, World Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Philip M Gold, MD Professor of Medicine, Chief of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Director of Respiratory Care, Loma Linda University Medical Center

Philip M Gold, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Lung Association, American Medical Association, American Thoracic Society, California Medical Association, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, California Thoracic Society, American Federation for Clinical Research, Association of Subspecialty Professors

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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