Asthma Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Nov. 120 (5 Suppl):S94-138. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Busse WW, Calhoun WF, Sedgwick JD. Mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jun. 147(6 Pt 2):S20-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Horwitz RJ, Busse WW. Inflammation and asthma. Clin Chest Med. 1995 Dec. 16(4):583-602. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Murray JF, Nadel JA. Structure of the lungs relative to their principal function. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. WB Saunders Co; 1988. 15-20.

5. Balzar S, Fajt ML, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC, Bleecker E, Busse WW, et al. Mast cell phenotype, location, and activation in severe asthma: data from the severe asthma research program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb 1. 183(3):299-309. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, et al. Effects of Interleukin-13 Blockade on Allergen-induced Airway Responses in Mild Atopic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr 15. 183(8):1007-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Anderson WJ, Watson L. Asthma and the hygiene hypothesis. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 24. 344(21):1643-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Brooks C, Pearce N, Douwes J. The hygiene hypothesis in allergy and asthma: an update. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Feb. 13 (1):70-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Sears MR. Consequences of long-term inflammation. The natural history of asthma. Clin Chest Med. 2000 Jun. 21(2):315-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Camargo CA Jr, Weiss ST, Zhang S, Willett WC, Speizer FE. Prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of adult-onset asthma in women. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Nov 22. 159(21):2582-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Henderson WR Jr. Role of leukotrienes in asthma. Ann Allergy. 1994 Mar. 72(3):272-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Beasley RW, Clayton TO, Crane J, Lai CK, Montefort SR, Mutius E, et al. Acetaminophen use and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in adolescents: international study of asthma and allergies in childhood phase three. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan 15. 183(2):171-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Comert S, Karakaya G. Kalyoncu AF. Aspirin desensitization treatment for the management of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Respir Res. 2016. 2:24-7.

14. Harding SM, Guzzo MR, Richter JE. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma patients without reflux symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul. 162(1):34-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, Beach J, Beckett W, Bernstein D, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College Of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest. 2008 Sep. 134(3 Suppl):1S-41S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Lemanske RF Jr, Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, Evans MD, Li Z, Shult PA, et al. Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Sep. 116(3):571-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Bizzintino J, Lee WM, Laing IA, Vang F, Pappas T, Zhang G, et al. Association between human rhinovirus C and severity of acute asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 2011 May. 37(5):1037-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Martin RJ, Kraft M, Chu HW, Berns EA, Cassell GH. A link between chronic asthma and chronic infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Apr. 107(4):595-601. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Hamilos DL. Gastroesophageal reflux and sinusitis in asthma. Clin Chest Med. 1995 Dec. 16(4):683-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. McFadden ER Jr. Exercise-induced airway obstruction. Clin Chest Med. 1995 Dec. 16(4):671-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Randolph C. Exercise-induced asthma: update on pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Probl Pediatr. 1997 Feb. 27(2):53-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Ito S, Noguchi E, Shibasaki M, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Watanabe H, Arinami T. Evidence for an association between plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency and increased risk of childhood atopic asthma. J Hum Genet. 2002. 47(2):99-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Bousquet J, Jeffery PK, Busse WW, Johnson M, Vignola AM. Asthma. From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May. 161(5):1720-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Zucker, M. Asthma phenotype, genotype may guide future therapies. Available at http://www.pulmonaryreviews.com/jun03/pr_jun03_phenotype.html. Accessed: June 8, 2003.

25. Drazen JM, Yandava CN, Dube L, Szczerback N, Hippensteel R, Pillari A, et al. Pharmacogenetic association between ALOX5 promoter genotype and the response to anti-asthma treatment. Nat Genet. 1999 Jun. 22(2):168-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Thompson EE, Pan L, Ostrovnaya I, Weiss LA, Gern JE, Lemanske RF Jr, et al. Integrin beta 3 genotype influences asthma and allergy phenotypes in the first 6 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jun. 119(6):1423-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Wechsler ME, Lehman E, Lazarus SC, Lemanske RF Jr, Boushey HA, Deykin A, et al. beta-Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and response to salmeterol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Mar 1. 173(5):519-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Cottrell L, Neal WA, Ice C, Perez MK, Piedimonte G. Metabolic abnormalities in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb 15. 183(4):441-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Juel CT, Ali Z, Nilas L, Ulrik CS. Asthma and obesity: does weight loss improve asthma control? a systematic review. J Asthma Allergy. 2012. 5:21-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Sonnenschein-van der Voort AM, Jaddoe VW, Raat H, Moll HA, Hofman A, de Jongste JC, et al. Fetal and infant growth and asthma symptoms in preschool children: the generation R study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Apr 1. 185(7):731-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Bateman ED, Hurd SS, Barnes PJ, Bousquet J, Drazen JM, FitzGerald M, et al. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary. Eur Respir J. 2008 Jan. 31(1):143-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Zhang Y, McConnell R, Gilliland F, Berhane K. Ethnic differences in the effect of asthma on pulmonary function in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 1. 183(5):596-603. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Burrows B, Barbee RA, Cline MG, Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD. Characteristics of asthma among elderly adults in a sample of the general population. Chest. 1991 Oct. 100(4):935-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Martin AJ, Landau LI, Phelan PD. Lung function in young adults who had asthma in childhood. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Oct. 122(4):609-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Sly RM. Changing asthma mortality. Ann Allergy. 1994 Sep. 73(3):259-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Moorman JE, Rudd RA, Johnson CA, King M, Minor P, Bailey C, et al. National surveillance for asthma--United States, 1980-2004. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2007 Oct 19. 56(8):1-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Chartbook on Cardiovascular, Lung, and BloodDiseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, et al. 2009. Available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/2009_ChartBook.pdf.

38. Bailey WC, Richards JM Jr, Brooks CM, Soong SJ, Windsor RA, Manzella BA. A randomized trial to improve self-management practices of adults with asthma. Arch Intern Med. 1990 Aug. 150(8):1664-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Ignacio-Garcia JM, Gonzalez-Santos P. Asthma self-management education program by home monitoring of peak expiratory flow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Feb. 151(2 Pt 1):353-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Kotses H, Bernstein IL, Bernstein DI, Reynolds RV, Korbee L, Wigal JK, et al. A self-management program for adult asthma. Part I: Development and evaluation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 Feb. 95(2):529-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, Schatz M, Li JT, Marcus P, et al. Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jan. 113(1):59-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Coffman JM, Cabana MD, Yelin EH. Do school-based asthma education programs improve self-management and health outcomes?. Pediatrics. 2009 Aug. 124(2):729-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. [Guideline] Management of Asthma Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of asthma in children and adults. Washington (DC): Department of Veteran Affairs, Department of Defense; 2009. [Full Text].

44. Font-Ribera L, Villanueva CM, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, et al. Swimming pool attendance, asthma, allergies, and lung function in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 1. 183(5):582-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Shao W, Chung T, Berdon WE, Mellins RB, Griscom NT, Ruzal-Shapiro C, et al. Fluoroscopic diagnosis of laryngeal asthma (paradoxical vocal cord motion). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995 Nov. 165(5):1229-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Morris MJ, Deal LE, Bean DR, Grbach VX, Morgan JA. Vocal cord dysfunction in patients with exertional dyspnea. Chest. 1999 Dec. 116(6):1676-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Nastasi KJ, Howard DA, Raby RB, Lew DB, Blaiss MS. Airway fluoroscopic diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997 Jun. 78(6):586-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Wynn SR, O'Connell EJ, Frigas E, Payne WS, Sachs MI. Exercise-induced "asthma" as a presentation of bronchial carcinoid. Ann Allergy. 1986 Aug. 57(2):139-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Rolfe LM, Rayner CF. A wheezy man with a bony abnormality. Postgrad Med J. 1999 Aug. 75(886):503-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Tucker GF Jr. Pulmonary migraine. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1977 Sep-Oct. 86(5 Pt 1):671-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Isselbacher KJ. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Braunwald E, Wilson JD, et al. Heart failure. 13th. McGraw-Hill; 1994. 1001.

52. Kim YW, Han SK, Shim YS, Kim KY, Han YC, Seo JW, et al. The first report of diffuse panbronchiolitis in Korea: five case reports. Intern Med. 1992 May. 31(5):695-701. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Bevelaqua F, Schicchi JS, Haas F, Axen K, Levin N. Aortic arch anomaly presenting as exercise-induced asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Sep. 140(3):805-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Newman LJ, Platts-Mills TA, Phillips CD, Hazen KC, Gross CW. Chronic sinusitis. Relationship of computed tomographic findings to allergy, asthma, and eosinophilia. JAMA. 1994 Feb 2. 271(5):363-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Shapiro GG, Christie DL. Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma. Clin Rev Allergy. 1983 Mar. 1(1):39-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Cuevas Hernández MM, Arias Hernández RM. [Pulmonary gammagraphy study in asthmatic children with gastroesophageal reflux]. Rev Alerg Mex. 2008 Nov-Dec. 55(6):229-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Bacci E, Cianchetti S, Bartoli M, Dente FL, Di Franco A, Vagaggini B, et al. Low sputum eosinophils predict the lack of response to beclomethasone in symptomatic asthmatic patients. Chest. 2006 Mar. 129(3):565-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Parker D, Bradding P, et al. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Nov 30. 360(9347):1715-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Matsumoto H. Serum periostin: a novel biomarker for asthma management. Allergol Int. 2014 Jun. 63 (2):153-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Woods AQ, Lynch DA. Asthma: an imaging update. Radiol Clin North Am. 2009 Mar. 47(2):317-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Teel GS, Engeler CE, Tashijian JH, duCret RP. Imaging of small airways disease. Radiographics. 1996 Jan. 16(1):27-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Enright PL, Lebowitz MD, Cockroft DW. Physiologic measures: pulmonary function tests. Asthma outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Feb. 149(2 Pt 2):S9-18; discussion S19-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Ali SS, O'Connell C, Kass L, Graff G. Single-breath counting: a pilot study of a novel technique for measuring pulmonary function in children. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Jan. 29(1):33-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Irvin CG. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jan. 161(1):309-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Anderson SD, Charlton B, Weiler JM, Nichols S, Spector SL, Pearlman DS, et al. Comparison of mannitol and methacholine to predict exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and a clinical diagnosis of asthma. Respir Res. 2009 Jan 23. 10:4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Smith AD, Cowan JO, Brassett KP, Herbison GP, Taylor DR. Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 26. 352(21):2163-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Rossi OV, Lähde S, Laitinen J, Huhti E. Contribution of chest and paranasal sinus radiographs to the management of acute asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1994 Sep. 105(1):96-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Pratter MR, Curley FJ, Dubois J, Irwin RS. Cause and evaluation of chronic dyspnea in a pulmonary disease clinic. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Oct. 149(10):2277-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Irwin RS. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan. 129(1 Suppl):80S-94S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Aras G, Kanmaz D, Kadakal F, Purisa S, Sonmez K, Tuncay E, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in our asthma patients: the presence of dysphagia can influence pulmonary function. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2012 Dec 17. 7 (1):53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Price D, Musgrave SD, Shepstone L, et al. Leukotriene antagonists as first-line or add-on asthma-controller therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 5. 364(18):1695-707. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16. 5:CD002314. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Bruzzese JM, Sheares BJ, Vincent EJ, et al. Effects of a School-based Intervention for Urban Adolescents with Asthma: A Controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr 15. 183(8):998-1006. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

74. Scott M, Roberts G, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Matthews S, Nove A, Arshad SH. Multifaceted allergen avoidance during infancy reduces asthma during childhood with the effect persisting until age 18 years. Thorax. 2012 Dec. 67(12):1046-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. McCormack MC, Breysse PN, Matsui EC, et al. Indoor particulate matter increases asthma morbidity in children with non-atopic and atopic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011 Apr. 106(4):308-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Tung KY, Tsai CH, Lee YL. Microsomal epoxide hydroxylase genotypes/diplotypes, traffic air pollution, and childhood asthma. Chest. 2011 Apr. 139(4):839-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Sheikh A, Hurwitz B, Shehata Y. House dust mite avoidance measures for perennial allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24. CD001563. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Abramson MJ, Puy RM, Weiner JM. Allergen immunotherapy for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. CD001186. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Abramson MJ, Puy RM, Weiner JM. Is allergen immunotherapy effective in asthma? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Apr. 151(4):969-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Bruggenjurgen B, Reinhold T, Brehler R, Laake E, Wiese G, Machate U, et al. Cost-effectiveness of specific subcutaneous immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 Sep. 101(3):316-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Marcus P. Incorporating anti-IgE (omalizumab) therapy into pulmonary medicine practice: practice management implications. Chest. 2006 Feb. 129(2):466-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Busse WW, Morgan WJ, Gergen PJ, et al. Randomized trial of omalizumab (anti-IgE) for asthma in inner-city children. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 17. 364(11):1005-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Hanania NA, Alpan O, Hamilos DL, et al. Omalizumab in severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled with standard therapy: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011 May 3. 154(9):573-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, Brusselle GG, FitzGerald JM, Chetta A, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 25. 371 (13):1198-207. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

85. Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, Prazma CM, Keene ON, Yancey SW, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 25. 371 (13):1189-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

86. Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, Keene ON, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 18. 380 (9842):651-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Castro M, Zangrilli J, Wechsler ME, Bateman ED, Brusselle GG, Bardin P, et al. Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2015 May. 3 (5):355-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Chanez P, Papi A, Weinstein SF, Barker P, et al. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β₂-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 29. 388 (10056):2115-2127. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. FitzGerald JM, Bleecker ER, Nair P, Korn S, Ohta K, Lommatzsch M, et al. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor α monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 29. 388 (10056):2128-2141. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Nair P, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, Bourdin A, Lugogo NL, Kuna P, et al. Oral Glucocorticoid-Sparing Effect of Benralizumab in Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 22. 376 (25):2448-2458. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, Maspero J, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, et al. Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 28. 378 (26):2486-2496. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Rabe KF, Nair P, Brusselle G, Maspero JF, Castro M, Sher L, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Glucocorticoid-Dependent Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 28. 378 (26):2475-2485. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Castro M, Rubin AS, Laviolette M, Fiterman J, De Andrade Lima M, Shah PL, et al. Effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of severe asthma: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Jan 15. 181(2):116-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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95. Wechsler ME, Laviolette M, Rubin AS, Fiterman J, Lapa E Silva JR, Shah PL, et al. Bronchial thermoplasty: Long-term safety and effectiveness in patients with severe persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Aug 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Boggs W. Bronchial Thermoplasty Effective for Severe Persistent Asthma. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811113. Accessed: September 30, 2013.

97. O'Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Carlsson LG, et al. Risks of pneumonia in patients with asthma taking inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar 1. 183(5):589-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Dhuper S, Chandra A, Ahmed A, et al. Efficacy and cost comparisons of bronchodilatator administration between metered dose inhalers with disposable spacers and nebulizers for acute asthma treatment. J Emerg Med. 2011 Mar. 40(3):247-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Michael J Morris, MD, FACP, FCCP Clinical Faculty, Pulmonary Disease/Critical Care Service, Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center; Assistant Dean for Research, SAUSHEC, Brooke Army Medical Center; Clinical Professor, niversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Joe R and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine; Professor, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Michael J Morris, MD, FACP, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Respiratory Care, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, The Society of Federal Health Professionals (AMSUS)

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Janssen Pharmaceuticals.

Daniel J Pearson, MD, FCCP ICU Medical Director, Respiratory Therapy Medical Director, Soin Medical Center

Daniel J Pearson, MD, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Zab Mosenifar, MD, FACP, FCCP Geri and Richard Brawerman Chair in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Professor and Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Medical Director, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Zab Mosenifar, MD, FACP, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward Bessman, MD, MBA Chairman and Clinical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, John Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Edward Bessman, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul Blackburn, DO, FACOEP, FACEP Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maricopa Medical Center

Paul Blackburn, DO, FACOEP, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, and Arizona Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director for Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Helen M Hollingsworth, MD Director, Adult Asthma and Allergy Services, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Boston Medical Center

Helen M Hollingsworth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and Massachusetts Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health System

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, Medical Society of Delaware, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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