Frost HM, Novicki TJ. Blastomyces antigen detection for diagnosis and management of Blastomycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Nov. 53 (11):3660-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Saccente M, Woods GL. Clinical and laboratory update on blastomycosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Apr. 23 (2):367-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sidamonidze K, Peck MK, Perez M, et al. Real-time PCR assay for identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis in culture and in tissue. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 May. 50 (5):1783-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Babady NE, Buckwalter SP, Hall L, Le Febre KM, Binnicker MJ, Wengenack NL. Detection of Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum from culture isolates and clinical specimens by use of real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Sep. 49 (9):3204-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Richer SM, Smedema ML, Durkin MM, et al. Development of a highly sensitive and specific blastomycosis antibody enzyme immunoassay using Blastomyces dermatitidis surface protein BAD-1. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014 Feb. 21 (2):143-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Chapman SW, Dismukes WE, Proia LA, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of blastomycosis: 2008 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 15. 46(12):1801-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nemecek JC, Wüthrich M, Klein BS. Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi. Science. 2006 Apr 28. 312 (5773):583-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Rooney PJ, Sullivan TD, Klein BS. Selective expression of the virulence factor BAD1 upon morphogenesis to the pathogenic yeast form of Blastomyces dermatitidis: evidence for transcriptional regulation by a conserved mechanism. Mol Microbiol. 2001 Feb. 39 (4):875-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chapman SW, Lin AC, Hendricks KA, et al. Endemic blastomycosis in Mississippi: epidemiological and clinical studies. Semin Respir Infect. 1997 Sep. 12 (3):219-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Anderson JL, Meece JK, Hall MC, Frost HM. Evidence of delayed dissemination or re-infection with Blastomyces in two immunocompetent hosts. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2016 Sep. 13:9-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Frost HM, Anderson J, Ivacic L, Meece J. Blastomycosis in children: an analysis of clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic features. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017 Mar 1. 6 (1):49-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sarosi GA, Eckman MR, Davies SF, Laskey WK. Canine blastomycosis as a harbinger of human disease. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Nov. 91 (5):733-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hay RJ. Blastomycosis: what's new?. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000 Jul. 14 (4):249-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bradsher RW. Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 May. 22 suppl 2:S102-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McDonald R, Dufort E, Jackson BR, Tobin EH, Newman A, Benedict K, et al. Notes from the field: Blastomycosis cases occurring outside of regions with known endemicity - New York, 2007-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Sep 28. 67 (38):1077-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Zhu D, Chen H, Yu L. Probable pulmonary blastomyomycocis in an immunocompetent person. Int J Infect Dis. 2017 Jun. 59:86-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Benedict K, Roy M, Chiller T, Davis JP. Epidemiologic and ecologic features of blastomycosis: a review. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2012 Dec. 6(4):327-35. [Full Text].
Seitz AE, Younes N, Steiner CA, Prevots DR. Incidence and trends of blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations in the United States. PLoS One. 2014. 9 (8):e105466. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Khuu D, Shafir S, Bristow B, Sorvillo F. Blastomycosis mortality rates, United States, 1990-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Nov. 20 (11):1789-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Carlos WG, Rose AS, Wheat LJ, et al. Blastomycosis in indiana: digging up more cases. Chest. 2010 Dec. 138 (6):1377-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McTaggart LR, Brown EM, Richardson SE. Phylogeographic analysis of Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristii reveals an association with North American freshwater drainage basins. PLoS One. 2016. 11 (7):e0159396. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baumgardner DJ, Buggy BP, Mattson BJ, Burdick JS, Ludwig D. Epidemiology of blastomycosis in a region of high endemicity in north central Wisconsin. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Oct. 15 (4):629-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Frean JA, Carman WF, Crewe-Brown HH, Culligan GA, Young CN. Blastomyces dermatitidis infections in the RSA. S Afr Med J. 1989 Jul 1. 76 (1):13-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baily GG, Robertson VJ, Neill P, Garrido P, Levy LF. Blastomycosis in Africa: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 Sep-Oct. 13 (5):1005-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Anjorin FI, Kazmi R, Malu AO, Lawande RV, Fakunle YM. A case of blastomycosis from Zaria, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984. 78 (5):577-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jerray M, Hayouni A, Benzarti M, Klabi N, Garrouche A. Blastomycosis in Africa: a new case from Tunisia. Eur Respir J. 1992 Mar. 5 (3):365-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ferchichi L, Mekni A, Bellil K, et al. [Three cases of cutaneous blastomycosis] [French]. Med Mal Infect. 2006 May. 36 (5):285-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rais H, Jghaimi F, Baalal H, et al. [Blastomycosis in Morocco: imported mycosis] [French]. Rev Pneumol Clin. 2012 Feb. 68 (1):45-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roy M, Benedict K, Deak E, et al. A large community outbreak of blastomycosis in Wisconsin with geographic and ethnic clustering. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Sep. 57 (5):655-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cano MV, Ponce-de-Leon GF, Tippen S, Lindsley MD, Warwick M, Hajjeh RA. Blastomycosis in Missouri: epidemiology and risk factors for endemic disease. Epidemiol Infect. 2003 Oct. 131 (2):907-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Blastomycosis--Wisconsin, 1986-1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996 Jul 19. 45 (28):601-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pfister JR, Archer JR, Hersil S, et al. Non-rural point source blastomycosis outbreak near a yard waste collection site. Clin Med Res. 2011 Jun. 9 (2):57-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Kaplan W, Clifford MK. Blastomycosis. I. A review of 198 collected cases in Veterans Administration hospitals. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1964 May. 89:659-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Varkey B. Blastomycosis in children. Semin Respir Infect. 1997 Sep. 12(3):235-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schutze GE, Hickerson SL, Fortin EM, et al. Blastomycosis in children. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Mar. 22 (3):496-502. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pappas PG, Threlkeld MG, Bedsole GD, Cleveland KO, Gelfand MS, Dismukes WE. Blastomycosis in immunocompromised patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1993 Sep. 72 (5):311-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lemos LB, Baliga M, Guo M. Blastomycosis: The great pretender can also be an opportunist. Initial clinical diagnosis and underlying diseases in 123 patients. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2002 Jun. 6 (3):194-203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Conces DJ Jr. Endemic fungal pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. J Thorac Imaging. 1999 Jan. 14 (1):1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Meyer KC, McManus EJ, Maki DG. Overwhelming pulmonary blastomycosis associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1993 Oct 21. 329 (17):1231-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kralt D, Light B, Cheang M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with pulmonary blastomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2009 Mar. 167 (3):115-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Gauthier GM, Safdar N, Klein BS, Andes DR. Blastomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2007 Dec. 9 (4):310-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Mason AR, Cortes GY, Cook J, Maize JC, Thiers BH. Cutaneous blastomycosis: a diagnostic challenge. Int J Dermatol. 2008 Aug. 47 (8):824-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Alpern JD, Bahr NC, Vazquez-Benitez G, Boulware DR, Sellman JS, Sarosi GA. Diagnostic delay and antibiotic overuse in acute pulmonary blastomycosis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016 Apr. 3 (2):ofw078. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Martynowicz MA, Prakash UB. Pulmonary blastomycosis: an appraisal of diagnostic techniques. Chest. 2002 Mar. 121(3):768-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bialek R, Cirera AC, Herrmann T, Aepinus C, Shearn-Bochsler VI, Legendre AM. Nested PCR assays for detection of Blastomyces dermatitidis DNA in paraffin-embedded canine tissue. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jan. 41 (1):205-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Kravitz GR, Davies SF, Eckman MR, Sarosi GA. Chronic blastomycotic meningitis. Am J Med. 1981 Sep. 71 (3):501-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Girouard G, Lachance C, Pelletier R. Observations on (1-3)-beta-D-glucan detection as a diagnostic tool in endemic mycosis caused by Histoplasma or Blastomyces. J Med Microbiol. 2007 Jul. 56 (pt 7):1001-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Klein BS, Kuritsky JN, Chappell WA, et al. Comparison of the enzyme immunoassay, immunodiffusion, and complement fixation tests in detecting antibody in human serum to the A antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Jan. 133 (1):144-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Klein BS, Vergeront JM, Kaufman L, et al. Serological tests for blastomycosis: assessments during a large point-source outbreak in Wisconsin. J Infect Dis. 1987 Feb. 155 (2):262-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bradsher RW, Pappas PG. Detection of specific antibodies in human blastomycosis by enzyme immunoassay. South Med J. 1995 Dec. 88 (12):1256-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sekhon AS, Kaufman L, Kobayashi GS, Moledina NH, Jalbert M. The value of the Premier enzyme immunoassay for diagnosing Blastomyces dermatitidis infections. J Med Vet Mycol. 1995 Mar-Apr. 33 (2):123-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rozovsky K, Bunge M, Higgins R, Consunji-Araneta R, Alqublan L, Fanella S. Imaging patterns of pediatric pulmonary blastomycosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018 Dec 27. 1-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dismukes WE, Bradsher RW Jr, Cloud GC, et al. Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1992 Nov. 93 (5):489-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dismukes WE, Cloud G, Bowles C, for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Treatment of blastomycosis and histoplasmosis with ketoconazole. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Dec. 103 (6 (pt 1)):861-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pappas PG, Bradsher RW, Chapman SW, et al, for the The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Treatment of blastomycosis with fluconazole: a pilot study. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Feb. 20 (2):267-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ta M, Flowers SA, Rogers PD. The role of voriconazole in the treatment of central nervous system blastomycosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Oct. 43 (10):1696-700. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bariola JR, Perry P, Pappas PG, et al. Blastomycosis of the central nervous system: a multicenter review of diagnosis and treatment in the modern era. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15. 50 (6):797-804. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lentnek AL, Lentek IA. Successful management of Blastomyces dermatitidis meningitis. Infect Med. 2006. 23:39.
Lutsar I, Roffey S, Troke P. Voriconazole concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of guinea pigs and immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 1. 37 (5):728-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Parente-Rocha JA, Bailao AM, Amaral AC, et al. Antifungal resistance, metabolic routes as drug targets, and new antifungal agents: an overview about endemic dimorphic fungi. Mediators Inflamm. 2017. 2017:9870679. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Wuthrich M, Warner T, Klein BS. IL-12 is required for induction but not maintenance of protective, memory responses to Blastomyces dermatitidis: implications for vaccine development in immune-deficient hosts. J Immunol. 2005 Oct 15. 175 (8):5288-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nemeth NM, Campbell GD, Oesterle PT, Shirose L, McEwen B, Jardine CM. Red fox as sentinel for Blastomyces dermatitidis, Ontario, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jul. 22 (7):1275-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Durkin M, Witt J, Lemonte A, Wheat B, Connolly P. Antigen assay with the potential to aid in diagnosis of blastomycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Oct. 42 (10):4873-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].