Arai Y, Saul JP, Albrecht P, Hartley LH, Lilly LS, Cohen RJ, et al. Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise. Am J Physiol. 1989 Jan. 256(1 Pt 2):H132-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shetler K, Marcus R, Froelicher VF, Vora S, Kalisetti D, Prakash M. Heart rate recovery: validation and methodologic issues. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Dec. 38(7):1980-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baltzan M, Mehta S, Kirkham TH, Cosio MG. Randomized trial of prolonged chloroquine therapy in advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jul. 160(1):192-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zic JA, Horowitz DH, Arzubiaga C, King LE Jr. Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with chloroquine. Review of the literature. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Jul. 127(7):1034-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Demeter SL. Myocardial sarcoidosis unresponsive to steroids. Treatment with cyclophosphamide. Chest. 1988 Jul. 94(1):202-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen. Chest. 2003 Nov. 124(5):2023-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Muller-Quernheim J, Kienast K, Held M, Pfeifer S, Costabel U. Treatment of chronic sarcoidosis with an azathioprine/prednisolone regimen. Eur Respir J. 1999 Nov. 14(5):1117-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kataria YP. Chlorambucil in sarcoidosis. Chest. 1980 Jul. 78(1):36-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
York EL, Kovithavongs T, Man SF, Rebuck AS, Sproule BJ. Cyclosporine and chronic sarcoidosis. Chest. 1990 Oct. 98(4):1026-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Treatment of sarcoidosis with infliximab. Chest. 2005 Mar. 127(3):1064-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yee AM, Pochapin MB. Treatment of complicated sarcoidosis with infliximab anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Jul 3. 135(1):27-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baughman RP, Judson MA, Teirstein AS, Moller DR, Lower EE. Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Chest. 2002 Jul. 122(1):227-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fazzi P, Manni E, Cristofani R, Cei G, Piazza S, Calabrese R, et al. Thalidomide for improving cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis in patients resistant or with contraindications to corticosteroids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2012 Jun. 66(4):300-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Russell E, Luk F, Manocha S, Ho T, O'Connor C, Hussain H. Long term follow-up of infliximab efficacy in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary sarcoidosis refractory to conventional therapy. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Jan 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nathan SD. Lung transplantation: disease-specific considerations for referral. Chest. 2005 Mar. 127(3):1006-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ten Berge B, Kleinjan A, Muskens F, Hammad H, Hoogsteden HC, Hendriks RW, et al. Evidence for local dendritic cell activation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respir Res. 2012 Apr 18. 13:33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Mota PC, Morais A, Palmares C, Beltrao M, Melo N, Santos AC, et al. Diagnostic value of CD103 expression in bronchoalveolar lymphocytes in sarcoidosis. Respir Med. 2012 Jul. 106(7):1014-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zabel P, Entzian P, Dalhoff K, Schlaak M. Pentoxifylline in treatment of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 May. 155(5):1665-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ogisu N, Sato S, Kawaguchi H, Sugiura Y, Mori T, Niimi T, et al. Elevated level of soluble HLA class I antigens in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with sarcoidosis. Intern Med. 2001 Mar. 40(3):201-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Mechanisms of hypergammaglobulinemia in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Site of increased antibody production and role of T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest. 1981 Jan. 67(1):86-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kunitake R, Kuwano K, Yoshida K, Maeyama T, Kawasaki M, Hagimoto N, et al. KL-6, surfactant protein A and D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respiration. 2001. 68(5):488-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Miyoshi S, Hamada H, Kadowaki T, Hamaguchi N, Ito R, Irifune K, et al. Comparative evaluation of serum markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest. 2010 Jun. 137(6):1391-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Facco M, Cabrelle A, Teramo A, Olivieri V, Gnoato M, Teolato S, et al. Sarcoidosis is a Th1/Th17 multisystem disorder. Thorax. 2011 Feb. 66(2):144-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sverrild A, Backer V, Kyvik KO, Kaprio J, Milman N, Svendsen CB. Heredity in sarcoidosis: a registry-based twin study. Thorax. 2008 Oct. 63(10):894-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cox CE, Davis-Allen A, Judson MA. Sarcoidosis. Med Clin North Am. 2005 Jul. 89(4):817-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jordan HT, Stellman SD, Prezant D, Teirstein A, Osahan SS, Cone JE. Sarcoidosis diagnosed after September 11, 2001, among adults exposed to the World Trade Center disaster. J Occup Environ Med. 2011 Sep. 53(9):966-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Krell W, Bourbonnais JM, Kapoor R, Samavati L. Effect of smoking and gender on pulmonary function and clinical features in sarcoidosis. Lung. 2012 Oct. 190(5):529-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nardi A, Brillet PY, Letoumelin P, Girard F, Brauner M, Uzunhan Y, et al. Stage IV sarcoidosis: comparison of survival with the general population and causes of death. Eur Respir J. 2011 Dec. 38(6):1368-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Swigris JJ, Olson AL, Huie TJ, Fernandez-Perez ER, Solomon J, Sprunger D. Sarcoidosis-related mortality in the United States from 1988 to 2007. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun 1. 183(11):1524-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Takase H, Shimizu K, Yamada Y, Hanada A, Takahashi H, Mochizuki M. Validation of international criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis proposed by the first international workshop on ocular sarcoidosis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2010 Nov. 54(6):529-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kojima K, Maruyama K, Inaba T, Nagata K, Yasuhara T, Yoneda K, et al. The CD4/CD8 ratio in vitreous fluid is of high diagnostic value in sarcoidosis. Ophthalmology. 2012 Nov. 119(11):2386-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Herbort CP, Rao NA, Mochizuki M. International criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis: results of the first International Workshop On Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009 May-Jun. 17(3):160-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Herbort CP, Rao NA, Mochizuki M. International criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis: results of the first International Workshop On Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009 May-Jun. 17(3):160-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Betensky BP, Tschabrunn CM, Zado ES, Goldberg LR, Marchlinski FE, Garcia FC, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Heart Rhythm. 2012 Jun. 9(6):884-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yodogawa K, Seino Y, Ohara T, Takayama H, Katoh T, Mizuno K. Effect of corticosteroid therapy on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2011 Apr. 16(2):140-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schuller JL, Olson MD, Zipse MM, Schneider PM, Aleong RG, Wienberger HD, et al. Electrocardiographic characteristics in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis indicating cardiac involvement. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011 Nov. 22(11):1243-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yasutake H, Seino Y, Kashiwagi M, Honma H, Matsuzaki T, Takano T. Detection of cardiac sarcoidosis using cardiac markers and myocardial integrated backscatter. Int J Cardiol. 2005 Jul 10. 102(2):259-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bihan H, Christozova V, Dumas JL, Jomaa R, Valeyre D, Tazi A, et al. Sarcoidosis: clinical, hormonal, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) manifestations of hypothalamic-pituitary disease in 9 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007 Sep. 86(5):259-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Inui N, Murayama A, Sasaki S, Suda T, Chida K, Kato S, et al. Correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase gene expression in alveolar macrophages and the activity of sarcoidosis. Am J Med. 2001 Jun 15. 110(9):687-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Goracci A, Fagiolini A, Martinucci M, Calossi S, Rossi S, Santomauro T, et al. Quality of life, anxiety and depression in sarcoidosis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008 Sep-Oct. 30(5):441-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lower EE, Harman S, Baughman RP. Double-blind, randomized trial of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride for the treatment of sarcoidosis-associated fatigue. Chest. 2008 May. 133(5):1189-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ramos-Casals M, Mana J, Nardi N, Brito-Zeron P, Xaubet A, Sanchez-Tapias JM, et al. Sarcoidosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: analysis of 68 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005 Mar. 84(2):69-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Miyoshi S, Hamada H, Kadowaki T, Hamaguchi N, Ito R, Irifune K, et al. Comparative evaluation of serum markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest. 2010 Jun. 137(6):1391-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kavathia D, Buckley JD, Rao D, Rybicki B, Burke R. Elevated 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with protracted treatment in sarcoidosis. Respir Med. 2010 Apr. 104(4):564-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cremers J, Drent M, Driessen A, Nieman F, Wijnen P, Baughman R, et al. Liver-test abnormalities in sarcoidosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Jan. 24(1):17-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stanton KM, Ganigara M, Corte P, et al. The Utility of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Heart Lung Circ. 2017 Nov. 26 (11):1191-1199. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Davies CW, Tasker AD, Padley SP, Davies RJ, Gleeson FV. Air trapping in sarcoidosis on computed tomography: correlation with lung function. Clin Radiol. 2000 Mar. 55(3):217-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mostard RL, Voo S, van Kroonenburgh MJ, Verschakelen JA, Wijnen PA, Nelemans PJ, et al. Inflammatory activity assessment by F18 FDG-PET/CT in persistent symptomatic sarcoidosis. Respir Med. 2011 Dec. 105(12):1917-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Teirstein AS, Machac J, Almeida O, Lu P, Padilla ML, Iannuzzi MC. Results of 188 whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in 137 patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2007 Dec. 132(6):1949-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ahmadian A, Pawar S, Govender P, Berman J, Ruberg FL, Miller EJ. The response of FDG uptake to immunosuppressive treatment on FDG PET/CT imaging for cardiac sarcoidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2017 Apr. 24 (2):413-424. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bourbonnais JM, Samavati L. Clinical predictors of pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2008 Aug. 32(2):296-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ardic I, Kaya MG, Yarlioglues M, Dogdu O, Buyukoglan H, Kalay N. Impaired heart rate recovery index in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2011 Jan. 139(1):60-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Trisolini R, Tinelli C, Cancellieri A, Paioli D, Alifano M, Boaron M, et al. Transbronchial needle aspiration in sarcoidosis: yield and predictors of a positive aspirate. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Apr. 135(4):837-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shorr AF, Torrington KG, Hnatiuk OW. Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study. Chest. 2001 Jul. 120(1):109-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Oki M, Saka H, Kitagawa C, Kogure Y, Murata N, Ichihara S, et al. Prospective study of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of lymph nodes versus transbronchial lung biopsy of lung tissue for diagnosis of sarcoidosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012 Jun. 143(6):1324-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Moodley YP, Dorasamy T, Venketasamy S, Naicker V, Lalloo UG. Correlation of CD4:CD8 ratio and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha levels in induced sputum with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Thorax. 2000 Aug. 55(8):696-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Fireman E, Topilsky I, Greif J, Lerman Y, Schwarz Y, Man A, et al. Induced sputum compared to bronchoalveolar lavage for evaluating patients with sarcoidosis and non-granulomatous interstitial lung disease. Respir Med. 1999 Nov. 93(11):827-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McKinzie BP, Bullington WM, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Efficacy of short-course, low-dose corticosteroid therapy for acute pulmonary sarcoidosis exacerbations. Am J Med Sci. 2010 Jan. 339(1):1-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pietinalho A, Tukiainen P, Haahtela T, Persson T, Selroos O. Early treatment of stage II sarcoidosis improves 5-year pulmonary function. Chest. 2002 Jan. 121(1):24-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baughman RP, Barney JB, O'Hare L, Lower EE. A retrospective pilot study examining the use of Acthar gel in sarcoidosis patients. Respir Med. 2016 Jan. 110:66-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baughman RP, Sweiss N, Keijsers R, et al. Repository corticotropin for Chronic Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Lung. 2017 Jun. 195 (3):313-322. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Lower EE, Baughman RP. Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Apr 24. 155(8):846-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Callejas-Rubio JL, Lopez-Perez L, Ortego-Centeno N. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor treatment for sarcoidosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Dec. 4(6):1305-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Erckens RJ, Mostard RL, Wijnen PA, Schouten JS, Drent M. Adalimumab successful in sarcoidosis patients with refractory chronic non-infectious uveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012 May. 250(5):713-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Milman N, Graudal N, Loft A, Mortensen J, Larsen J, Baslund B. Effect of the TNF-a inhibitor adalimumab in patients with recalcitrant sarcoidosis: a prospective observational study using FDG-PET. Clin Respir J. 2012 Oct. 6(4):238-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Pochettino A, Rosengard BR, Blumenthal NP, Bavaria JE, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with sarcoidosis listed for lung transplantation. Chest. 2001 Sep. 120(3):873-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baughman RP, Valeyre D, Korsten P, et al. ERS clinical practice guidelines on treatment of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2021 Dec. 58 (6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].