Questions & Answers

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Galiè N, Barberà JA, Frost AE, Ghofrani HA, Hoeper MM, McLaughlin VV, et al. Initial Use of Ambrisentan plus Tadalafil in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 27. 373 (9):834-44. [Medline].
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Aguilar RV, Farber HW. Epoprostenol (prostacyclin) therapy in HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Nov. 162(5):1846-50. [Medline].
Simonneau G, Barst RJ, Galie N, et al. Continuous subcutaneous infusion of treprostinil, a prostacyclin analogue, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Mar 15. 165(6):800-4. [Medline].
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McLaughlin VV, Benza RL, Rubin LJ, et al. Addition of inhaled treprostinil to oral therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 May 4. 55(18):1915-22. [Medline].
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Tapson VF, Torres F, Kermeen F, Keogh AM, Allen RP, Frantz RP, et al. Oral treprostinil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients on background endothelin receptor antagonist and/or phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy (the FREEDOM-C study): a randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2012 Dec. 142(6):1383-90. [Medline].
Tapson VF, Jing ZC, Xu KF, Pan L, Feldman J, Kiely DG, et al. Oral treprostinil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients receiving background endothelin receptor antagonist and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy (the FREEDOM-C2 study): a randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2013 Sep. 144(3):952-8. [Medline].
Olschewski H, Simonneau G, Galie N, et al. Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 1. 347(5):322-9. [Medline].
Opitz CF, Wensel R, Winkler J, et al. Clinical efficacy and survival with first-line inhaled iloprost therapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2005 Sep. 26(18):1895-902. [Medline].
Sitbon O, Channick R, Chin KM, Frey A, Gaine S, Galiè N, et al. Selexipag for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 24. 373 (26):2522-33. [Medline].
Li HH, Hsu HH, Chang GJ, Chen IC, Ho WJ, Hsu PC, et al. Prostanoid EP4 Agonist L-902,688 Activates PPARγ and Attenuates Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2017 Nov 16. ajplung.00245.2017. [Medline].
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Hughes RJ, Jais X, Bonderman D, et al. The efficacy of bosentan in inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a 1-year follow-up study. Eur Respir J. 2006 Jul. 28(1):138-43. [Medline].
Kenyon KW, Nappi JM. Bosentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Jul-Aug. 37(7-8):1055-62. [Medline].
Rubin LJ, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, et al. Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 21. 346(12):896-903. [Medline].
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Galiè N, Olschewski H, Oudiz RJ, et al. Ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: results of the ambrisentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, efficacy (ARIES) study 1 and 2. Circulation. 2008 Jun 10. 117(23):3010-9. [Medline].
Pulido T, Adzerikho I, Channick RN, Delcroix M, Galiè N, Ghofrani HA, et al. Macitentan and morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 29. 369(9):809-18. [Medline].
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Aypar E, Alehan D, Karagöz T, Aykan HH, Ertugrul İ. Clinical efficacy and safety of switch from bosentan to macitentan in children and young adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiol Young. 2017 Dec 13. 1-6. [Medline].
Galie N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A, et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2005 Nov 17. 353(20):2148-57. [Medline].
Lee AJ, Chiao TB, Tsang MP. Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension. Ann Pharmacother. 2005 May. 39(5):869-84. [Medline].
Reichenberger F, Voswinckel R, Enke B, et al. Long-term treatment with sildenafil in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2007 Nov. 30(5):922-7. [Medline].
Singh TP, Rohit M, Grover A, Malhotra S, Vijayvergiya R. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy of oral sildenafil therapy in severe pulmonary artery hypertension. Am Heart J. 2006 Apr. 151(4):851.e1-5. [Medline].
Galie N, Brundage BH, Ghofrani HA, et al. Tadalafil therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2009 Jun 9. 119(22):2894-903. [Medline].
Jing ZC, Yu ZX, Shen JY, et al. Vardenafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun 15. 183(12):1723-9. [Medline].
Ghofrani HA, D'Armini AM, Grimminger F, Hoeper MM, Jansa P, Kim NH, et al. Riociguat for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 25. 369(4):319-29. [Medline].
Ghofrani HA, Galiè N, Grimminger F, Grünig E, Humbert M, Jing ZC, et al. Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 25. 369(4):330-40. [Medline].

Media Gallery

Gross pathology on patient who died of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to persistent patent ductus arteriosus.
Close-up view of gross pathology on patient who died of severe arterial pulmonary hypertension secondary to persistent patent ductus arteriosus.
Chest radiograph of patient with nonidiopathic pulmonary hypertension shows enlarged pulmonary arteries. This patient had atrial septal defect.
54-year-old woman with history of scleroderma (CREST variety—ie, calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorder, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) developed dyspnea that worsened upon exertion. The patient was found to have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.
54-year-old woman with history of scleroderma (CREST variety—ie, calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorder, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) developed dyspnea that worsened on exertion. Spiral CT showed enlarged pulmonary arteries but no evidence of thromboembolism.
Ventilation-perfusion scan of bilateral mismatched segmental and subsegmental defects, suggesting chronic thromboembolic hypertension.
A 34-year-old woman with history of scleroderma (CREST variety—ie, calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorder, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) developed dyspnea that worsened upon exertion. The patient was found to have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.
A 34-year-old woman with history of scleroderma (CREST variety—ie, calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorder, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) developed dyspnea that worsened upon exertion. The patient was found to have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.
A 34-year-old woman with history of scleroderma (CREST variety—ie, calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorder, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) developed dyspnea that worsened on exertion. A CT pulmonary angiogram showed a massively enlarged pulmonary artery.

of 9

Author

Kristin E Schwab, MD Fellow in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Nader Kamangar, MD, FACP, FCCP, FCCM Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vice-Chair, Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Nader Kamangar, MD, FACP, FCCP, FCCM is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Persian Physicians, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Critical Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Lung Association, American Medical Association, American Thoracic Society, Association of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Program Directors, Association of Specialty Professors, California Sleep Society, California Thoracic Society, Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Trudeau Society of Los Angeles, World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Chief Editor

Zab Mosenifar, MD, FACP, FCCP Geri and Richard Brawerman Chair in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Professor and Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Medical Director, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Zab Mosenifar, MD, FACP, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC Professor and Head, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine; Site Director, Respiratory Medicine, St Boniface General Hospital, Canada

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Thoracic Society, Canadian Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal Society of Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine, World Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kelvin Chan, MD Resident Physician, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Oleh Wasyl Hnatiuk, MD Program Director, National Capital Consortium, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences

Oleh Wasyl Hnatiuk, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Shahriar Pirouz, MD Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Reference Salary Employment

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