Acute Compartment Syndrome Differential Diagnoses

1. Torlincasi AM, Lopez RA, Waseem M. Acute Compartment Syndrome. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Claes T, Van der Beek D, Claes S, Verfaillie S, Bataillie F. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the forearm in motocross racers. Presented at: The European Sports Medicine Congress; Hasselt, Belgium; May 14-16, 2003. [Full Text].

3. Goubier JN, Saillant G. Chronic compartment syndrome of the forearm in competitive motor cyclists: a report of two cases. Br J Sports Med. 2003. 37(5):452-3; discussion 453-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Piasecki DP, Meyer D, Bach BR Jr. Exertional compartment syndrome of the forearm in an elite flatwater sprint kayaker. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Nov. 36(11):2222-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Qvarfordt P, Christenson JT, Eklof B, et al. Intramuscular pressure, muscle blood flow, and skeletal muscle metabolism in chronic anterior tibial compartment syndrome. Clin Orthop. 1983 Oct. (179):284-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Bleicher RJ, Sherman HF, Latenser BA. Bilateral gluteal compartment syndrome. J Trauma. 1997 Jan. 42(1):118-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Tekwani K, Sikka R. High-risk chief complaints III: abdomen and extremities. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2009 Nov. 27(4):747-65, x. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. von Volkmann R. Veilletzungen und Krankenheiten der Berwegungsorgane. von Pithe F, Billroth T. Stuttgart, Verlag von Ferdinand Enke, eds. Handbuch der Allgemeinen und Speziellen Chirurgs. Zweiter Band, Zweiter Abteilung, Abschmitt V, Ersted haft: 1882. 234-920.

9. Jepson PN. Ischaemic contracture: experimental study. Ann Surg. 1926. 84:785-95.

10. Owen CA, Mubarak SJ, Hargens AR, Rutherford L, Garetto LP, Akeson WH. Intramuscular pressures with limb compression clarification of the pathogenesis of the drug-induced muscle-compartment syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1979 May 24. 300(21):1169-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Matsen FA 3rd. Compartmental syndrome. An unified concept. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Nov-Dec. 8-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Yu JS, Habib P. MR imaging of urgent inflammatory and infectious conditions affecting the soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Emerg Radiol. 2009 Jan 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Styf J, Wiger P. Abnormally increased intramuscular pressure in human legs: comparison of two experimental models. J Trauma. 1998 Jul. 45(1):133-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Matsen FA 3rd, Wyss CR, Krugmire RB Jr, Simmons CW, King RV. The effects of limb elevation and dependency on local arteriovenous gradients in normal human limbs with particular reference to limbs with increased tissue pressure. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980 Jul-Aug. 187-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Amendala A, Rorabeck CH. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Welsh RP, Shepard RJ, eds. Current Therapy in Sports Medicine. 1985. Toronto, Canada: BC Decker; 250-2.

16. Blackman P, Bradshaw C, Crossley K. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the lower leg. A comparison of treatment options and outcome. International Conference of Science and Medicine in Sports, Brisbane, Australia. 1994. 56-7.

17. Blackman PG. A review of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the lower leg. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Mar. 32(3 Suppl):S4-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Eisele SA, Sammarco GJ. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Instr Course Lect. 1993. 42:213-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Howard JL, Mohtadi NG, Wiley JP. Evaluation of outcomes in patients following surgical treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the leg. Clin J Sport Med. 2000 Jul. 10(3):176-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Liem NR, Bourque PR, Michaud C. Acute exertional compartment syndrome in the setting of anabolic steroids: an unusual cause of bilateral footdrop. Muscle Nerve. 2005 Jul. 32(1):113-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Mouhsine E, Garofalo R, Moretti B, et al. Two minimal incision fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006 Feb. 14(2):193-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Schepsis AA, Martini D, Corbett M. Surgical management of exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg. Long-term followup. Am J Sports Med. 1993 Nov-Dec. 21(6):811-7; discussion 817. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Livingston KS, Meehan WP 3rd, Hresko MT, Matheney TH, Shore BJ. Acute Exertional Compartment Syndrome in Young Athletes: A Descriptive Case Series and Review of the Literature. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Feb. 34 (2):76-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Clayton JM, Hayes AC, Barnes RW. Tissue pressure and perfusion in the compartment syndrome. J Surg Res. 1977 Apr. 22(4):333-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Shrier I, Magder S. Pressure-flow relationships in in vitro model of compartment syndrome. J Appl Physiol. 1995 Jul. 79(1):214-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Beraldo S, Dodds SR. Lower limb acute compartment syndrome after colorectal surgery in prolonged lithotomy position. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Nov. 49(11):1772-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Walker JL, Smith GH, Gaston MS, Robinson CM. Spontaneous compartment syndrome in association with simvastatin-induced myositis. Emerg Med J. 2008 May. 25(5):305-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Detmer DE, Sharpe K, Sufit RL, et al. Chronic compartment syndrome: diagnosis, management, and outcomes. Am J Sports Med. 1985 May-Jun. 13(3):162-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Mubarak SJ, Hargens AR. Acute compartment syndromes. Surg Clin North Am. 1983 Jun. 63(3):539-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. King TW, Lerman OZ, Carter JJ, Warren SM. Exertional compartment syndrome of the thigh: a rare diagnosis and literature review. J Emerg Med. 2010 Aug. 39(2):e93-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Naidu KS, Chin T, Harris C, Talbot S. Bilateral peroneal compartment syndrome after horse riding. Am J Emerg Med. 2009 Sep. 27(7):901.e3-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Malic CC, Hernon C, Austin O, Phipps A. Scalded and swollen-beware the underlying compartment syndrome. Burns. 2006 Jun. 32(4):504-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Crick KA, Crick JC, Pulley MT. Hemorrhagic upper extremity complications from tissue plasminogen activator. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2007 Spring. 16(1):27-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Wang KL, Li SY, Chuang CL, Chen TW, Chen JY. Subfascial hematoma progressed to arm compartment syndrome due to a nontransposed brachiobasilic fistula. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 Dec. 48(6):990-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Rafiq I, Anderson DJ. Acute rhabdomyolysis following acute compartment syndrome of upper arm. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006 Nov. 16(11):734-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Swaringen JC, Seiler JG 3rd, Bruce RW Jr. Influenza A induced rhabdomyolysis resulting in extensive compartment syndrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000 Jun. 243-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Wirth JJ, Sheka KP, Gheewala A, Rowe NM. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosis: potential causes of surgical emergencies of the hand. Ann Plast Surg. 2008 Jul. 61(1):35-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Rahm M, Probe R. Extensive deep venous thrombosis resulting in compartment syndrome of the thigh and leg. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994 Dec. 76(12):1854-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Shadgan B, Pereira G, Menon M, et al. Risk factors for acute compartment syndrome of the leg associated with tibial diaphyseal fractures in adults. J Orthop Traumatol. 2014 Dec 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Robertson AK, Snow E, Browne TS, Brownell S, Inneh I, Hill JF. Who Gets Compartment Syndrome?: A Retrospective Analysis of the National and Local Incidence of Compartment Syndrome in Patients With Supracondylar Humerus Fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2018 Mar 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Mortensen SJ, Orman S, Testa EJ, Mohamadi A, Nazarian A, von Keudell AG. Risk factors for developing acute compartment syndrome in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2020 Feb 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Mortensen SJ, Orman S, Serino J, Mohamadi A, Nazarian A, von Keudell A. Factors Associated with Development of Traumatic Acute Compartment Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2021 May. 9 (3):263-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Bouklouch Y, Schmidt AH, Obremskey WT, Bernstein M, Gamburg N, Harvey EJ. Big data insights into predictors of acute compartment syndrome. Injury. 2022 Feb 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Allmon C, Greenwell P, Paryavi E, Dubina A, O'Toole RV. Radiographic Predictors of Compartment Syndrome Occurring after Tibial Fracture. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Feb 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Wuarin L, Gonzalez AI, Zingg M, et al. Clinical and radiographic predictors of acute compartment syndrome in the treatment of tibial shaft fractures: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020 Jan 13. 21 (1):25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Livingston K, Glotzbecker M, Miller PE, Hresko MT, Hedequist D, Shore BJ. Pediatric Nonfracture Acute Compartment Syndrome: A Review of 39 Cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015 May 13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Aprahamian C, Gessert G, Bandyk DF, Sell L, Stiehl J, Olson DW. MAST-associated compartment syndrome (MACS): a review. J Trauma. 1989 May. 29(5):549-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Ashton H. Effect of inflatable plastic splints on blood flow. Br Med J. 1966 Dec 10. 2(5527):1427-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

49. Verdolin MH, Toth AS, Schroeder R. Bilateral lower extremity compartment syndromes following prolonged surgery in the low lithotomy position with serial compression stockings. Anesthesiology. 2000 Apr. 92(4):1189-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Dailiana HZ, Kotsaki D, Varitimidis S, et al. Injection injuries: seemingly minor injuries with major consequences. Hippokratia. 2008 Jan. 12(1):33-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

51. Te Kolste HJ, Balm R, de Mol B. Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Silent but Dangerous Complication. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Jan 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Christoffersen JK, Hove LD, Mikkelsen KL, Krogsgaard MR. Well Leg Compartment Syndrome After Abdominal Surgery. World J Surg. 2016 Sep 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. McQueen MM, Court-Brown CM. Compartment monitoring in tibial fractures. The pressure threshold for decompression. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Jan. 78(1):99-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

54. McQueen MM, Duckworth AD, Aitken SA, Court-Brown CM. The estimated sensitivity and specificity of compartment pressure monitoring for acute compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Apr 17. 95(8):673-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. DeLee JC, Stiehl JB. Open tibia fracture with compartment syndrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981 Oct. 175-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Feliciano DV, Cruse PA, Spjut-Patrinely V, Burch JM, Mattox KL. Fasciotomy after trauma to the extremities. Am J Surg. 1988 Dec. 156(6):533-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Rorabeck CH, Macnab I. The pathophysiology of the anterior tibial compartmental syndrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Nov-Dec. 52-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Matsen FA 3rd, Winquist RA, Krugmire RB Jr. Diagnosis and management of compartmental syndromes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980 Mar. 62(2):286-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Sheridan GW, Matsen FA 3rd. Fasciotomy in the treatment of the acute compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 Jan. 58(1):112-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, Heckman JD, eds. Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.

61. Matsen FA 3rd, Winquist RA, Krugmire RB Jr. Diagnosis and management of compartmental syndromes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980 Mar. 62(2):286-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Hak DJ. Acute Compartment Syndrome in Children. Compartment Syndrome: A Guide to Diagnosis and Management. 2019 Sep 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

63. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Evidence-based care guideline for femoral shaft fractures. Cincinnati (OH): Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; 2006 Dec. [Full Text].

64. Reach JS Jr, Amrami KK, Felmlee JP, et al. The compartments of the foot: a 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study with clinical correlates for needle pressure testing. Foot Ankle Int. 2007 May. 28(5):584-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Jones WG 2nd, Perry MO, Bush HL Jr. Changes in tibial venous blood flow in the evolving compartment syndrome. Arch Surg. 1989 Jul. 124(7):801-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Mubarak SJ, Hargens AR, Owen CA, Garetto LP, Akeson WH. The wick catheter technique for measurement of intramuscular pressure. A new research and clinical tool. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 Oct. 58(7):1016-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Garfin SR, Mubarak SJ, Evans KL, Hargens AR, Akeson WH. Quantification of intracompartmental pressure and volume under plaster casts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Mar. 63(3):449-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Wallensten R, Karlsson J. Histochemical and metabolic changes in lower leg muscles in exercise- induced pain. Int J Sports Med. 1984 Aug. 5(4):202-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Better OS, Zinman C, Reis DN, et al. Hypertonic mannitol ameliorates intracompartmental tamponade in model compartment syndrome in the dog. Nephron. 1991. 58(3):344-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Shah DM, Bock DE, Darling RC 3rd, et al. Beneficial effects of hypertonic mannitol in acute ischemia--reperfusion injuries in humans. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Feb. 4(1):97-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Daniels M, Reichman J, Brezis M. Mannitol treatment for acute compartment syndrome. Nephron. 1998 Aug. 79(4):492-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Malhotra K, Pai S, Radcliffe G. Do minimally displaced, closed tibial fractures in children need monitoring for compartment syndrome?. Injury. 2014 Jun 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Pollak AN. Use of negative pressure wound therapy with reticulated open cell foam for lower extremity trauma. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 Nov-Dec. 22(10 Suppl):S142-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Brey JM, Castro MD. Salvage of compartment syndrome of the leg and foot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2008 Dec. 13(4):767-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. McQueen MM, Court-Brown CM. Compartment monitoring in tibial fractures. The pressure threshold for decompression. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Jan. 78(1):99-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Bible JE, McClure DJ, Mir HR. Analysis of One vs. Two-Incision Fasciotomy for Tibial Fractures with Acute Compartment Syndrome. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Apr 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Shirley ED, Mai V, Neal KM, Kiebzak GM. Wound closure expectations after fasciotomy for paediatric compartment syndrome. J Child Orthop. 2018 Feb 1. 12 (1):9-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

78. Whitesides TE, Haney TC, Morimoto K, Harada H. Tissue pressure measurements as a determinant for the need of fasciotomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Nov-Dec. 43-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Whitesides TE Jr, Haney TC, Harada H, Holmes HE, Morimoto K. A simple method for tissue pressure determination. Arch Surg. 1975 Nov. 110(11):1311-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Arato E, Kurthy M, Sinay L, et al. Pathology and diagnostic options of lower limb compartment syndrome. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2009. 41(1):1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Blair JA, Stoops TK, Doarn MC, et al. Infection and Non-union Following Fasciotomy for Compartment Syndrome Associated with Tibia Fractures: A Matched Cohort Comparison. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Mar 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Collinge C, Attum B, Tornetta P 3rd, et al. Acute Compartment Syndrome: An Expert Survey of Orthopedic Trauma Association (OTA) Members. J Orthop Trauma. 2018 Jan 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Nillius A, Rööser B. [Acute compartment syndrome in knee arthroscopy]. Lakartidningen. 1983 Feb 16. 80(7):590. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Peek RD, Haynes DW. Compartment syndrome as a complication of arthroscopy. A case report and a study of interstitial pressures. Am J Sports Med. 1984 Nov-Dec. 12(6):464-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Fruensgaard S, Holm A. Compartment syndrome complicating arthroscopic surgery: brief report. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988 Jan. 70(1):146-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Kaper BP, Carr CF, Shirreffs TG. Compartment syndrome after arthroscopic surgery of knee. A report of two cases managed nonoperatively. Am J Sports Med. 1997 Jan-Feb. 25(1):123-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. June 2003. Indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Available at http://www.uhms.org/Indications/indications.htm. Accessed: July 24, 2007.

88. Wattel F, Mathieu D, Nevière R, Bocquillon N. Acute peripheral ischaemia and compartment syndromes: a role for hyperbaric oxygenation. Anaesthesia. 1998 May. 53 Suppl 2:63-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Mar GJ, Barrington MJ, McGuirk BR. Acute compartment syndrome of the lower limb and the effect of postoperative analgesia on diagnosis. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Jan. 102(1):3-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Thabet AM, Simson JE, Gerzina C, Dabash S, Adler A, Abdelgawad AA. The impact of acute compartment syndrome on the outcome of tibia plateau fracture. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2018 Jan. 28 (1):85-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Gamulin A, Lubbeke A, Belinga P, et al. Clinical and radiographic predictors of acute compartment syndrome in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017 Jul 18. 18 (1):307. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

92. Beebe MJ, Auston DA, Quade JH, et al. OTA/AO Classification Is Highly Predictive of Acute Compartment Syndrome After Tibia Fracture: A Cohort of 2885 Fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Nov. 31 (11):600-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Pechar J, Lyons MM. Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg: A Review. J Nurse Pract. 2016 Apr. 12 (4):265-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Abraham T Rasul, Jr, MD, FAAPMR, FCCP NeuroSciences, SLO

Abraham T Rasul, Jr, MD, FAAPMR, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Consuelo T Lorenzo, MD Medical Director, Senior Products, Central North Region, Humana, Inc

Consuelo T Lorenzo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Samuel Agnew, MD, FACS Associate Professor, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Surgery, Chief of Orthopedic Trauma, University of Florida at Jacksonville College of Medicine; Consulting Surgeon, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, McLeod Regional Medical Center

Samuel Agnew, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, American College of Surgeons, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, and Southern Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jason H Calhoun, MD, FACS Frank J Kloenne Chair in Orthopedic Surgery, Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopedics, The Ohio State University Medical Center

Jason H Calhoun, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Missouri State Medical Association, Musculoskeletal Infection Society, Southern Medical Association, Southern Orthopaedic Association, Texas Medical Association, and Texas Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William K Chiang, MD Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Chief of Service, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center

William K Chiang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Patrick M Foye, MD Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Co-Director of Musculoskeletal Fellowship, Co-Director of Back Pain Clinic, Director of Coccyx Pain Service (Tailbone Pain Service: www.TailboneDoctor.com), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School

Patrick M Foye, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Association of Academic Physiatrists, and International Spine Intervention Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stuart B Goodman, MD, PhD, FRCS(C), FACS, FBSE Robert L and Mary Ellenburg Professor of Surgery, Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fellowship Director, Orthopedic Adult Reconstruction, Affiliated Faculty, Department of Bioengineering, Affiliated Faculty, Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center

Stuart B Goodman, MD, PhD, FRCS(C), FACS, FBSE is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, California Medical Association, Canadian Medical Association, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary Ann E Keenan, MD Professor, Vice Chair for Graduate Medical Education, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Chief of Neuro-Orthopedics Program, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania

Mary Ann E Keenan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rick Kulkarni, MD

Rick Kulkarni, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: WebMD Salary Employment

Eric L Legome, MD Chief, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center; Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Medical College

Eric L Legome, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard Paula, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Director of Research, University of South Florida College of Medicine

Richard Paula, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven I Rabin, MD Clinical Associate Professor, Loyola University Medical Center; Chair, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dreyer Medical Clinic

Steven I Rabin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Fracture Association, AO Foundation, and Orthopaedic Trauma Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Douglas G Smith, MD Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Drug Reference Salary Employment

Jeffrey L Visotsky, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Orthopedic Surgery, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine

Jeffrey L Visotsky, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association for Hand Surgery, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, Arthroscopy Association of North America, Chicago Medical Society, and Illinois State Medical Society

Disclosure: Depuy Consulting fee Speaking and teaching; Pegasus Honoraria Board membership

Stephen Wallace, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Sweetwater County

Stephen Wallace, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rajesh R Yadav, MD Associate Professor, Section of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Medical School at Houston

Rajesh R Yadav, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

What would you like to print?

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article