Further Outpatient Care

Patients should have regular follow-up visits to check for deterioration in function and the development of contractures. This follow-up allows early detection of complications. Proper interventions early in the disease course help to avoid significant and permanent functional limitations.^[73]

Deterrence

Regular and proper follow-up and therapeutic interventions are necessary to avoid joint contractures and deformities.^[73]

Proper genetic counseling helps parents to understand the risk of having a child with this disorder and gives them a chance to make informed decisions about having children.

Use of Vincristine is clearly contraindicated in patients with known or possible CMT-1A and most likely HNPP. Use of vincristine in other CMT subtypes should be considered with caution. Other agents that have reported to exacerbate CMT-related neuropathy in the Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association (CMTA) database include nitrous oxide, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, statins and sertraline.^[99]

Complications

Due to a loss of protective sensation distally in all 4 limbs, patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) are susceptible to skin breakdown, burns, nonhealing foot ulcers, and in severe cases, bony, bilateral foot deformities. As mentioned previously, orthoses are required for the treatment of foot drop or to accommodate bony foot deformities. If not fit properly, the orthoses themselves become a source of skin breakdown secondary to associated distal sensory impairment.

Maternal CMT increases the risk for complications during delivery; this risk is linked to a higher occurrence, in such cases, of emergency interventions during birth.

Prognosis

The prognosis for the different types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) varies; it depends on the condition's clinical severity (see the table under Causes).

Generally, CMT is a slowly progressive neuropathy, with eventual disability occurring secondary to distal muscle weakness and deformities.

CMT usually does not shorten a patient's expected life span.

Shy and colleagues developed the CMT neuropathy score, which is a modification of the total neuropathy score.^[100]This has been shown to be a validated measure of length-dependent axonal and demyelinating CMT disability and can be investigated as an end point for longitudinal studies and clinical trials of CMT.

The Inherited Neuropathies Consortium developed an 11-item CMT Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS) to measure impairment of children with CMT. Testing showed the scale to be a reliable, valid, and sensitive global measure of disability for children from the age of 3 years.^[101]

Patient Education

Genetic counseling is the process of providing individuals and families with information on the nature, inheritance patterns, and implications of genetic disorders in order to help them make informed medical and personal decisions. Offer patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) genetic counseling so that they can make informed decisions regarding the potential risk of passing the disease to their children.^[102]

Certain drugs and medications, such as vincristine,^{[85, 86]}isoniazid, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and nitrofurantoin, are known to cause nerve damage and should be avoided.

Routine exercise within the individual's capability is encouraged; many individuals remain physically active.

Obesity should be avoided, because it makes walking more difficult.

Daily heel-cord stretching exercises are warranted to prevent Achilles tendon shortening.

Questions

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Media Gallery

Foot deformities in a 16-year-old boy with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A DNA test showing duplication in the short arm of chromosome 17 (A) compared with normal (B).
Nerve conduction study showing decreased nerve conduction velocity in the median nerve in an 18-year-old woman with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1.
Foot of 29-year-old with advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1.
Hands of 29-year-old with advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1.
Right ulnar motor nerve conduction study in a 29-year-old patient with advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1.
Left ulnar motor nerve conduction study in 29-year-old patient with advanced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1.

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Table. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disorders: Genetic and Clinical Feature Comparison

Table. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disorders: Genetic and Clinical Feature Comparison

CMT Type	Chromosome; Inheritance Pattern	Age of Onset	Clinical Features	Average NCVs^§
CMT-1A (PMP-22^¶ dupl.)	17p11.2; AD*	First decade	Distal weakness	15-20 m/s
CMT-1B (P₀ -MPZ)**	1q23.3; AD	First decade	Distal weakness	< 20 m/s
CMT-1C (non-A, non-B) (LITAF)	16p13.13;AD	Second decade	Distal weakness	26-42 m/s
CMT-1D (EGR-2)^#	10q21.3; AD	First decade	Distal weakness	15-20 m/s
CMT-1E (PMP22)	17p11.2; AD	First decade	Distal weakness, deafness	15-20 m/s
CMT-1F (NEFL)	8p21.2; AD	First decade	Distal weakness	15-20 m/s
CMT-X (connexin-32)^{[51, 52, 53, 54]}	Xq13; XD^‡	Second decade	Distal weakness	25-40 m/s
CMT-2A	1p36; AD	10 y	Distal weakness	>38 m/s
CMT-2B	3q21; AD	Second decade	Distal weakness, sensory loss, skin ulcers	Axon loss; Normal
CMT-2C	12q23-q24, AD	First decade	Vocal cord, diaphragm, and distal weakness	>50 m/s
CMT-2D	7p14; AD	16-30 y	Distal weakness, upper limb predominantly	Axon loss; N^††
CMT-2E	8p21; AD	10-30 y	Distal weakness, lower limb predominantly	Axon loss; N
CMT-2F	7q11-q21; AD	15-25 y	Distal weakness	Axon loss; N
CMT-2G	12q12-q13; AD	9-76 y	Distal weakness	Axon loss; N
CMT-2H	8q21; AD	15-25 y	Distal weakness, pyramidal features	Axon loss; N
CMT-2I	1q23; AD	47-60 y	Distal weakness	Axon loss; N
CMT-2J	1q23; AD	40-50 y	Distal weakness, hearing loss	Axon loss; N
CMT-2K	8q13-q21; AD	< 4 y	Distal weakness	Axon loss; N
CMT-2L	12q24; AD	15-25 y	Distal weakness	Axon loss; N
CMT–R-Ax (Ouvrier)	AR	First decade	Distal weakness	Axon loss; N
CMT–R-Ax (Moroccan)	1q21; AR	Second decade	Distal weakness	Axon loss; N
Cowchock syndrome	Xq24-q26	First decade	Distal weakness, deafness, mental retardation	Axon loss; N
HNPP^\|\| (PMP-22 deletion)^[55] or tomaculous neuropathy	17p11; AD	All ages	Episodic weakness and numbness	Conduction Blocks
Dejerine-Sottas-syndrome (DSS) or HMSN-3^[56]	P₀; AR PMP-22; AD 8q23; AD	2 y	Severe weakness	< 10 m/s
Congenital hypomyelination (CH)	P₀, EGR-2 or PMP-22 AR	Birth	Severe weakness	< 10 m/s
CMT-4A^[57]	8q13; AR	Childhood	Distal weakness	Slow
CMT-4B (myotubularin- related protein 2)^{[58, 59]}	11q23; AR	2-4 y	Distal and proximal weakness	Slow
CMT-4C	5q23; AR	5-15 y	Delayed walking	14-32 m/s
CMT-4D (Lom) (N-myc downstream- regulated gene 1)	8q24; AR	1-10 y	Distal muscle wasting, foot and hand deformities	10-20 m/s
CMT-4E (EGR-2)	10q21; AR	Birth	Infant hypotonia	9-20 m/s
CMT-4G	10q23.2; AR	8-16 years	Distal weakness	9-20 m/s
CMT-4H	12p11.21-q13.11; AR	0-2 years	Delayed walking	9-20 m/s
CMT-4F	19q13; AR	1-3 y	Motor delay	Absent
Autosomal dominant †Autosomal recessive ‡X-linked dominant §Nerve conduction velocities \|\|Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy ¶Peripheral myelin protein #Early growth response *Myelin protein zero ††Normal