Guillain-Barre Syndrome Questions & Answers

1. Winer JB. Guillain Barré syndrome. Mol Pathol. 2001 Dec. 54(6):381-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Ye Y, Zhu D, Wang K, Wu J, Feng J, Ma D, et al. Clinical and electrophysiological features of the 2007 Guillain-Barré syndrome epidemic in northeast China. Muscle Nerve. 2010 Sep. 42(3):311-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Hughes RA, Rees JH. Clinical and epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1997 Dec. 176 Suppl 2:S92-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Walgaard C, Lingsma HF, Ruts L, Drenthen J, van Koningsveld R, Garssen MJ, et al. Prediction of respiratory insufficiency in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2010 Jun. 67(6):781-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Bersano A, Carpo M, Allaria S, Franciotta D, Citterio A, Nobile-Orazio E. Long term disability and social status change after Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol. 2006 Feb. 253(2):214-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Mullings KR, Alleva JT, Hudgins TH. Rehabilitation of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Dis Mon. 2010 May. 56(5):288-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Hughes RA, Pritchard J, Hadden RD. Pharmacological treatment other than corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28. 2:CD008630. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Seneviratne U. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2000 Dec. 76(902):774-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Jacobs BC, Koga M, van Rijs W, Geleijns K, van Doorn PA, Willison HJ, et al. Subclass IgG to motor gangliosides related to infection and clinical course in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol. 2008 Feb. 194(1-2):181-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA, Schmitz PI, Tio-Gillen AP, Herbrink P, Visser LH, et al. Campylobacter jejuni infections and anti-GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1996 Aug. 40(2):181-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Koga M, Takahashi M, Masuda M, Hirata K, Yuki N. Campylobacter gene polymorphism as a determinant of clinical features of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology. 2005 Nov 8. 65(9):1376-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Kimoto K, Koga M, Odaka M, Hirata K, Takahashi M, Li J, et al. Relationship of bacterial strains to clinical syndromes of Campylobacter-associated neuropathies. Neurology. 2006 Nov 28. 67(10):1837-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Geleijns K, Roos A, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, van Rijs W, Tio-Gillen AP, Laman JD, et al. Mannose-binding lectin contributes to the severity of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Immunol. 2006 Sep 15. 177(6):4211-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Asbury AK, Cornblath DR. Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990. 27 Suppl:S21-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, Gao CY, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain. 1995 Jun. 118 ( Pt 3):597-605. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Hiraga A, Mori M, Ogawara K, Kojima S, Kanesaka T, Misawa S, et al. Recovery patterns and long term prognosis for axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 May. 76(5):719-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Winer JB. Treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. QJM. 2002 Nov. 95(11):717-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Brown WF, Feasby TE, Hahn AF. Electrophysiological changes in the acute "axonal" form of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1993 Feb. 16(2):200-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Fisher M. An unusual variant of acute immune polyneuritis (syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia). N Engl J Med. 1956;255:57-65:

20. Li H, Yuan J. Miller Fisher syndrome: toward a more comprehensive understanding. Chin Med J (Engl). 2001 Mar. 114(3):235-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, Machinami R, Kanazawa I. Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies. Neurology. 1993 Oct. 43(10):1911-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Baravelli M, Fantoni C, Rossi A, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome as a neurological complication of infective endocarditis. Is it really so rare and how often do we recognise it?. Int J Cardiol. Jan 10 2008. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG, Herbrink P, Schmitz PI, de Klerk MA, et al. The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study. Neurology. 1998 Oct. 51(4):1110-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Nelson L, Gormley R, Riddle MS, Tribble DR, Porter CK. The epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome in U.S. military personnel: a case-control study. BMC Res Notes. 2009 Aug 26. 2:171. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. van der Meché FG, Visser LH, Jacobs BC, Endtz HP, Meulstee J, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré syndrome: multifactorial mechanisms versus defined subgroups. J Infect Dis. 1997 Dec. 176 Suppl 2:S99-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Zautner AE, Johann C, Strubel A, Busse C, Tareen AM, Masanta WO, et al. Seroprevalence of campylobacteriosis and relevant post-infectious sequelae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Rees JH, Gregson NA, Hughes RA. Anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome and their relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection. Ann Neurol. 1995 Nov. 38(5):809-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Visser LH, van der Meché FG, Meulstee J, Rothbarth PP, Jacobs BC, Schmitz PI, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome: the clinical, electrophysiologic, and prognostic features. Dutch Guillain-Barré Study Group. Neurology. 1996 Sep. 47(3):668-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. McNamara D. More Evidence Supports COVID-19/Guillain-Barre Link. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Apr 20. [Full Text].

30. Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S, et al. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Brooks M. First Case of COVID-19 Presenting as Guillain-Barre Reported. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Apr 9. [Full Text].

32. Zhao H, Shen D, Zhou H, Liu J, Chen S. Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence?. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Apr 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Rana S, Lima AA, Chandra R, et al. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)-Associated Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Case Report. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2020 Jun. 21 (4):240-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Brooks M. First Reported US Case of Guillain-Barré Linked to COVID-19. Medscape Medical News. 2020 Jun 24. [Full Text].

35. Kang JH, Sheu JJ, Lin HC. Increased risk of Guillain-Barré Syndrome following recent herpes zoster: a population-based study across Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Sep 1. 51(5):525-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Van Koningsveld R, Van Doorn PA. Steroids in the Guillain-Barré syndrome: is there a therapeutic window?. Neurologia. 2005 Mar. 20(2):53-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Islam Z, Jacobs BC, van Belkum A, Mohammad QD, Islam MB, Herbrink P, et al. Axonal variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Campylobacter infection in Bangladesh. Neurology. 2010 Feb 16. 74(7):581-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Islam Z, van Belkum A, Cody AJ, Tabor H, Jacobs BC, Talukder KA, et al. Campylobacter jejuni HS:23 and Guillain-Barre syndrome, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Aug. 15(8):1315-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Kalra V, Chaudhry R, Dua T, Dhawan B, Sahu JK, Mridula B. Association of Campylobacter jejuni infection with childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study. J Child Neurol. 2009 Jun. 24(6):664-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. van den Berg B, van der Eijk AA, Pas SD, Hunter JG, Madden RG, Tio-Gillen AP, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with preceding hepatitis E virus infection. Neurology. 2014 Feb 11. 82(6):491-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Winer JB, Hughes RA, Anderson MJ, Jones DM, Kangro H, Watkins RP. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. II. Antecedent events. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988 May. 51(5):613-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Zika virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/zika/disease-qa.html. 2016 Feb 4; Accessed: 2016 Feb 8.

43. Romero S, McNeil DG Jr. Zika virus may be linked to surge in rare syndrome in Brazil. New York Times. 2016 Jan 21. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/world/americas/zika-virus-may-be-linked-to-surge-in-rare-syndrome-in-brazil.html.

44. Epidemiological update: neurological syndrome, congenital anomalies, and Zika virus infection. Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization. Available at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=20&ved=0ahUKEwjpzonp8-jKAhXDNT4KHQERCL04ChAWCF0wCQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paho.org%2Fhq%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26Itemid%3D%26gid%3D32879%26lang%3Den&usg=AFQjCNHQMT. 2016 Jan 17; Accessed: 8 Feb 2016.

45. Barbi L, Coelho AVC, Alencar LCA, Crovella S. Prevalence of Guillain-Barré syndrome among Zika virus infected cases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Zika virus: diagnostic testing. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/diagnostic.html. 2016 Feb 11; Accessed: 2016 Feb 12.

47. Souayah N, Nasar A, Suri MF, Qureshi AI. Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination in United States: data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Food and Drug Administration Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (1990-2005). J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2009 Sep. 11(1):1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Lasky T, Terracciano GJ, Magder L, Koski CL, Ballesteros M, Nash D, et al. The Guillain-Barré syndrome and the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 influenza vaccines. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 17. 339(25):1797-802. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Kuitwaard K, Bos-Eyssen ME, Blomkwist-Markens PH, van Doorn PA. Recurrences, vaccinations and long-term symptoms in GBS and CIDP. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2009 Dec. 14(4):310-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Safranek TJ, Lawrence DN, Kurland LT, et al. Reassessment of the association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and receipt of swine influenza vaccine in 1976-1977: results of a two-state study. Expert Neurology Group. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 May 1. 133 (9):940-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Lehmann HC, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC, Hughes RA. Guillain-Barré syndrome after exposure to influenza virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Sep. 10(9):643-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Preliminary results: surveillance for Guillain-Barré syndrome after receipt of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine - United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Jun 4. 59(21):657-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, Miller E. Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Feb 1. 169(3):382-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Kawai AT, Li L, Kulldorff M, Vellozzi C, Weintraub E, Baxter R. Absence of associations between influenza vaccines and increased risks of seizures, Guillain-Barré syndrome, encephalitis, or anaphylaxis in the 2012-2013 season. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014 Feb 4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Dieleman J, Romio S, Johansen K, Weibel D, Bonhoeffer J, Sturkenboom M. Guillain-Barre syndrome and adjuvanted pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine: multinational case-control study in Europe. BMJ. 2011 Jul 12. 343:d3908. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Liang XF, Li L, Liu DW, Li KL, Wu WD, Zhu BP, et al. Safety of influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in postmarketing surveillance in China. N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 17. 364(7):638-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Kinnunen E, Junttila O, Haukka J, Hovi T. Nationwide oral poliovirus vaccination campaign and the incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Jan 1. 147(1):69-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Rantala H, Cherry JD, Shields WD, Uhari M. Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome in children: relationship of oral polio vaccine administration to occurrence. J Pediatr. 1994 Feb. 124(2):220-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Friedrich F. Rare adverse events associated with oral poliovirus vaccine in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1997 Jun. 30(6):695-703. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Tuttle J, Chen RT, Rantala H, Cherry JD, Rhodes PH, Hadler S. The risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccines in adults and children in the United States. Am J Public Health. 1997 Dec. 87(12):2045-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Shaw FE Jr, Graham DJ, Guess HA, Milstien JB, Johnson JM, Schatz GC, et al. Postmarketing surveillance for neurologic adverse events reported after hepatitis B vaccination. Experience of the first three years. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Feb. 127(2):337-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. da Silveira CM, Salisbury DM, de Quadros CA. Measles vaccination and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 1997 Jan 4. 349(9044):14-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Guillain-Barré syndrome among recipients of Menactra meningococcal conjugate vaccine--United States, June-July 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Oct 14. 54(40):1023-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. McNamara D. FDA to Warn J&J Vaccine Can Increase Guillain-Barré Risk: Media. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Jul 12. [Full Text].

65. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID 19: Selected Adverse Events Reported after COVID-19 Vaccination. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/adverse-events.html. July 13, 2021; Accessed: July 14, 2021.

66. Sealy A, Bonifield J, Fox M. FDA warns of potential rare neurological complication with Johnson & Johnson coronavirus vaccine. CNN Health. Available at https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/12/health/johnson-vaccine-guillain-barre-syndrome-fda/index.html. July 13, 2021; Accessed: July 14, 2021.

67. Shao SC, Wang CH, Chang KC, Hung MJ, Chen HY, Liao SC. Guillain-​Barré Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Dec. 27 (12):3175-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

68. Awong IE, Dandurand KR, Keeys CA, Maung-Gyi FA. Drug-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome: a literature review. Ann Pharmacother. 1996 Feb. 30(2):173-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Shin IS, Baer AN, Kwon HJ, Papadopoulos EJ, Siegel JN. Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes occurring with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 May. 54(5):1429-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Silburn S, McIvor E, McEntegart A, Wilson H. Guillain-Barré syndrome in a patient receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha for rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and discussion of literature. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Apr. 67(4):575-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Kurmann PT, Van Linthoudt D, So AK. Miller-Fisher syndrome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Jan. 28(1):93-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Bouchra A, Benbouazza K, Hajjaj-Hassouni N. Guillain-Barre in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis secondary to ulcerative colitis on infliximab therapy. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Jun. 28 Suppl 1:S53-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Ali AK. Peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barré syndrome risks associated with exposure to systemic fluoroquinolones: a pharmacovigilance analysis. Ann Epidemiol. 2014 Jan 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Machado FC, Valério BC, Morgulis RN, Nunes KF, Mazzali-Verst S. Acute axonal polyneuropathy with predominant proximal involvement: an uncommon neurological complication of bariatric surgery. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2006 Sep. 64(3A):609-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Prasad KN, Nyati KK, Verma A, Rizwan A, Paliwal VK. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms and expression in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Hum Immunol. 2010 Sep. 71(9):905-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Alshekhlee A, Hussain Z, Sultan B, Katirji B. Guillain-Barré syndrome: incidence and mortality rates in US hospitals. Neurology. 2008 Apr 29. 70(18):1608-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Prevots DR, Sutter RW. Assessment of Guillain-Barré syndrome mortality and morbidity in the United States: implications for acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. J Infect Dis. 1997 Feb. 175 Suppl 1:S151-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Kushnir M, Klein C, Pollak L, Rabey JM. Evolving pattern of Guillain-Barre syndrome in a community hospital in Israel. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 May. 117(5):347-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Landaverde JM, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Trumbo SP, Pacis-Tirso CL, Ruiz-Matus C. Guillain-Barré syndrome in children aged J Infect Dis</i>. 2010 Mar. 201(5):746-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, Ho TW, Li CY, Jiang Z, et al. Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann Neurol. 1993 Apr. 33(4):333-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Jiang GX, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Strigård K, Olsson T, Link H. Pregnancy and Guillain-Barré syndrome: a nationwide register cohort study. Neuroepidemiology. 1996. 15(4):192-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Evans OB, Vedanarayanan V. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Pediatr Rev. 1997 Jan. 18(1):10-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Zochodne DW. Autonomic involvement in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review. Muscle Nerve. 1994 Oct. 17(10):1145-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Maher J, Rutledge F, Remtulla H, Parkes A, Bernardi L, Bolton CF. Neuromuscular disorders associated with failure to wean from the ventilator. Intensive Care Med. 1995 Sep. 21(9):737-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Hund EF, Borel CO, Cornblath DR, Hanley DF, McKhann GM. Intensive management and treatment of severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1993 Mar. 21(3):433-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Teitelbaum JS, Borel CO. Respiratory dysfunction in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 1994 Dec. 15(4):705-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Fletcher DD, Lawn ND, Wolter TD, Wijdicks EF. Long-term outcome in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation. Neurology. 2000 Jun 27. 54(12):2311-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Dornonville de la Cour C, Jakobsen J. Residual neuropathy in long-term population-based follow-up of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology. 2005 Jan 25. 64(2):246-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Rudolph T, Larsen JP, Farbu E. The long-term functional status in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Dec. 15(12):1332-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Das A, Kalita J, Misra UK. Recurrent Guillain Barre' syndrome. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Mar. 44(2):95-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Roper TA, Alani SM. Recurrent Guillain-Barré syndrome: lightning does strike twice. Br J Hosp Med. 1995 Apr 19-May 2. 53(8):403-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, Cornblath DR, Hahn AF, Meythaler JM, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005 Aug. 62(8):1194-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Garssen MP, Blok JH, van Doorn PA, Visser GH. Conduction velocity distribution in neurologically well-recovered but fatigued Guillain-Barré syndrome patients. Muscle Nerve. 2006 Feb. 33(2):177-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. de Vries JM, Hagemans ML, Bussmann JB, et al. Fatigue in neuromuscular disorders: focus on Guillain-Barré syndrome and Pompe disease. Cell. Mol Life Sci. Nov 16 2009. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

95. Bernsen RA, de Jager AE, Schmitz PI, van der Meché FG. Residual physical outcome and daily living 3 to 6 years after Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology. 1999 Jul 22. 53(2):409-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Bernsen RA, de Jager AE, van der Meché FG, Suurmeijer TP. How Guillain-Barre patients experience their functioning after 1 year. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005 Jul. 112(1):51-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Bernsen RA, Jacobs HM, de Jager AE, van der Meché FG. Residual health status after Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Jun. 62(6):637-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

98. Khan F, Pallant JF, Ng L, Bhasker A. Factors associated with long-term functional outcomes and psychological sequelae in Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol. 2010 Dec. 257(12):2024-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Winer JB, Hughes RA, Osmond C. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. I. Clinical features and their prognostic value. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988 May. 51(5):605-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

100. Petzold A, Brettschneider J, Jin K, Keir G, Murray NM, Hirsch NP, et al. CSF protein biomarkers for proximal axonal damage improve prognostic accuracy in the acute phase of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2009 Jul. 40(1):42-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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107. Diaz JH. A 60-year meta-analysis of tick paralysis in the United States: a predictable, preventable, and often misdiagnosed poisoning. J Med Toxicol. 2010 Mar. 6(1):15-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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109. Van den Bergh PY, Piéret F. Electrodiagnostic criteria for acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2004 Apr. 29(4):565-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Kusunoki S. Antiglycolipid antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome and autoimmune neuropathies. Am J Med Sci. 2000 Apr. 319(4):234-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Luigetti M, Servidei S, Modoni A, Rossini PM, Sabatelli M, Lo Monaco M. Admission neurophysiological abnormalities in Guillain-Barré syndrome: A single-center experience. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2015 Aug. 135:6-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Smith N, Pereira J, Grattan-Smith P. Investigation of suspected Guillain-Barre syndrome in childhood: What is the role for gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the spine?. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010 Jul 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Yikilmaz A, Doganay S, Gumus H, Per H, Kumandas S, Coskun A. Magnetic resonance imaging of childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010 Aug. 26(8):1103-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Perry JR, Fung A, Poon P, Bayer N. Magnetic resonance imaging of nerve root inflammation in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neuroradiology. 1994. 36(2):139-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Visser LH, Schmitz PI, Meulstee J, van Doorn PA, van der Meché FG. Prognostic factors of Guillain-Barré syndrome after intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Dutch Guillain-Barré Study Group. Neurology. 1999 Aug 11. 53(3):598-604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Double-blind trial of intravenous methylprednisolone in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Steroid Trial Group. Lancet. 1993 Mar 6. 341(8845):586-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Hughes RA, Pritchard J, Hadden RD. Pharmacological treatment other than corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for Guillain Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Mar 16. CD008630. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Michael T Andary, MD, MS Professor, Residency Program Director, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

Michael T Andary, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Medical Association, Association of Academic Physiatrists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joyce L Oleszek, MD Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Co-Director, Rhizotomy Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado

Joyce L Oleszek, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kelly Maurelus, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Kelly Maurelus, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Student Association/Foundation, Student National Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rashida Y White-McCrimmon, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Rashida Y White-McCrimmon, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Milton J Klein, DO, MBA Consulting Physiatrist, Heritage Valley Health System-Sewickley Hospital and Ohio Valley General Hospital

Milton J Klein, DO, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Disability Evaluating Physicians, American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Osteopathy, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Osteopathic College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Pain Society, Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Angela Cha-Kim, MD Assistant Professor, Director of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Loma Linda University Medical Center

Angela Cha-Kim, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and American Paraplegia Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Heather Rachel Davids, MD Physician, Department of Anesthesiology, Interventional Pain Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

Heather Rachel Davids, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Association of Academic Physiatrists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, LeConte Medical Center

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

J Stephen Huff, MD Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Neurology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine

J Stephen Huff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward A Michelson, MD Associate Professor, Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Health Systems of Cleveland

Edward A Michelson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew C Miller, MD Fellow, Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC); Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, UPMC St Margaret's Hospital

Andrew C Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Aishwarya Patil, MD Physiatrist (Rehabilitation Physician), Vice Chair, Immanuel Rehabilitation Center

Aishwarya Patil, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Association of Academic Physiatrists, and Association of Physicians of India

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Razi M Rashid, MD, MPH Resident Physician, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Daniel D Scott, MD, MA Associate Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Eastern Colorado Health Care System

Daniel D Scott, MD, MA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Paraplegia Society, Association of Academic Physiatrists, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and Physiatric Association of Spine, Sports and Occupational Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard H Sinert, DO Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Research Director, State University of New York College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center

Richard H Sinert, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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