Biceps Rupture Differential Diagnoses

1. Frank RM, Cotter EJ, Strauss EJ, Jazrawi LM, Romeo AA. Management of Biceps Tendon Pathology: From the Glenoid to the Radial Tuberosity. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018 Feb 15. 26 (4):e77-e89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Hsu D, Anand P, Mabrouk A, Chang KV. Biceps Tendon Rupture. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Tagliafico A, Michaud J, Capaccio E, et al. Ultrasound demonstration of distal biceps tendon bifurcation: normal and abnormal findings. Eur Radiol. 2009 Aug 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Fogg QA, Hess BR, Rodgers KG, et al. Distal biceps brachii tendon anatomy revisited from a surgical perspective. Clin Anat. 2009 Apr. 22(3):346-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Roukoz S, Naccache N, Sleilaty G. The role of the musculocutaneous and radial nerves in elbow flexion and forearm supination: a biomechanical study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2008 Apr. 33(2):201-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Sutton KM, Dodds SD, Ahmad CS, Sethi PM. Surgical treatment of distal biceps rupture. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010 Mar. 18(3):139-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. ElMaraghy A, Devereaux M, Tsoi K. The biceps crease interval for diagnosing complete distal biceps tendon ruptures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008 Sep. 466(9):2255-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Khan AD, Penna S, Yin Q, et al. Repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures using suture anchors through a single anterior incision. Arthroscopy. 2008 Jan. 24(1):39-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Fenton P, Qureshi F, Ali A, et al. Distal biceps tendon rupture: a new repair technique in 14 patients using the biotenodesis screw. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Jun 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Heinzelmann AD, Savoie FH 3rd, Ramsey JR, et al. A combined technique for distal biceps repair using a soft tissue button and biotenodesis interference screw. Am J Sports Med. 2009 May. 37(5):989-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Elser F, Braun S, Dewing CB, Giphart JE, Millett PJ. Anatomy, function, injuries, and treatment of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon. Arthroscopy. 2011 Apr. 27(4):581-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Kelly MP, Perkinson SG, Ablove RH, Tueting JL. Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures: An Epidemiological Analysis Using a Large Population Database. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Aug. 43 (8):2012-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Alentorn-Geli E, Assenmacher AT, Sanchez-Sotelo J. Distal biceps tendon injuries: a clinically relevant current concepts review. EFORT Open Rev. 2016 Sep. 1 (9):316-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Schmidt CC, Styron JF, Lin EA, Brown BT. Distal Biceps Tendon Anatomic Repair. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2017 Dec 28. 7 (4):e32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Chen CH, Hsu KY, Chen WJ, et al. Incidence and severity of biceps long head tendon lesion in patients with complete rotator cuff tears. J Trauma. June 2005. 58(6):1189-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Neer CS II. Cuff tears, biceps lesions and impingement. Shoulder Reconstruction. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1990. 71-137.

17. Hall F. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986 Jul. 68(6):950-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Vestermark GL, Van Doren BA, Connor PM, Fleischli JE, Piasecki DP, Hamid N. The prevalence of rotator cuff pathology in the setting of acute proximal biceps tendon rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Feb 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Kowalczuk M, Kohut K, Sabzevari S, Naendrup JH, Lin A. Proximal Long Head Biceps Rupture: A Predictor of Rotator Cuff Pathology. Arthroscopy. 2018 Apr. 34 (4):1166-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Wanivenhaus A. [Tendon ruptures in rheumatic patients]. Z Rheumatol. 2007 Feb. 66(1):34, 36-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Green JB, Skaife TL, Leslie BM. Bilateral distal biceps tendon ruptures. J Hand Surg Am. 2012 Jan. 37(1):120-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Pullat RC, Gadaria MR, Karas RH, et al. Tendon rupture associated with simvastatin/ezetimibe therapy. Am J Cardiol. July 1, 2007. 100(1):152-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Farin PU. Sonography of the biceps tendon of the shoulder: normal and pathologic findings. J Clin Ultrasound. 1996 Jul-Aug. 24(6):309-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Ahovuo J, Paavolainen P, Slatis P. Diagnostic value of sonography in lesions of the biceps tendon. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986 Jan. 184-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Belanger V, Dupuis F, Leblond J, Roy JS. Accuracy of examination of the long head of the biceps tendon in the clinical setting: A systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2019 Jul 8. 51 (7):479-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Armstrong A, Teefey SA, Wu T, et al. The efficacy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of long head of the biceps tendon pathology. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006 Jan-Feb. 15(1):7-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Mayer DP, Schmidt RG, Ruiz S. MRI diagnosis of biceps tendon rupture. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 1992 Sep-Oct. 16(5):345-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Kannus P, Jozsa L. Histopathological changes preceding spontaneous rupture of a tendon. A controlled study of 891 patients. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1991 Dec. 73(10):1507-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Ramsey ML. Distal biceps tendon injuries: diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999 May-Jun. 7 (3):199-207. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Wieting JM, Silberman SO, Salari A. Massage, Traction, and Manipulation. Medscape Drugs & Diseases from WebMD. Updated April 1, 2020. [Full Text].

31. Angelo RL. Surgical Management of Proximal Long Head Biceps Tendon Disorders. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2018 Dec. 26 (4):176-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Euler SA, Horan MP, Ellman MB, Greenspoon JA, Millett PJ. Chronic rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon: comparison of 2-year results following primary versus revision open subpectoral biceps tenodesis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016 May. 136 (5):657-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Aflatooni JO, Meeks BD, Froehle AW, Bonner KF. Biceps tenotomy versus tenodesis: patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020 Feb 18. 15 (1):56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Srinivasan RC, Pederson WC, Morrey BF. Distal Biceps Tendon Repair and Reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 2020 Jan. 45 (1):48-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Hinchey JW, Aronowitz JG, Sanchez-Sotelo J, et al. Re-rupture rate of primarily repaired distal biceps tendon injuries. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Jun. 23(6):850-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Cusick MC, Cottrell BJ, Cain RA, et al. Low incidence of tendon rerupture after distal biceps repair by cortical button and interference screw. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Oct. 23(10):1532-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Caekebeke P, Vermeersch N, Duerinckx J, van Riet R. Radiological and Clinical Evaluation of the Transosseous Cortical Button Technique in Distal Biceps Tendon Repair. J Hand Surg Am. 2016 Dec. 41 (12):e447-e452. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Recordon JA, Misur PN, Isaksson F, Poon PC. Endobutton versus transosseous suture repair of distal biceps rupture using the two-incision technique: a comparison series. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015 Jun. 24 (6):928-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Gregory T, Roure P, Fontes D. Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture using a suture anchor: description of a new endoscopic procedure. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Mar. 37(3):506-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Luciani P, Farinelli L, Senigagliesi E, Setaro N, Manzotti S, Gigante A. Suture anchor reinsertions of distal biceps rupture: a histologic analysis of a torn tendon and clinical results at short- and long-term follow-up. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021 Feb. 30 (2):352-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Behun MA, Geeslin AG, O'Hagan EC, King JC. Partial Tears of the Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon: A Systematic Review of Surgical Outcomes. J Hand Surg Am. 2016 Jul. 41 (7):e175-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Goedderz C, Plantz MA, Gerlach EB, et al. Determining the incidence and risk factors for short-term complications following distal biceps tendon repair. Clin Shoulder Elb. 2022 Mar. 25 (1):36-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Agrawal V, Stinson MJ. Case report: heterotopic ossification after repair of distal biceps tendon rupture utilizing a single-incision Endobutton technique. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005 Jan-Feb. 14(1):107-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Carter AM, Erickson SM. Proximal biceps tendon rupture primarily an injury of middle age. Physician Sports Med. 1999. 27:95-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Phillips BB, Canale ST, Sisk TD, et al. Ruptures of the proximal biceps tendon in middle-aged patients. Orthop Rev. 1993 Mar. 22(3):349-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Moosmayer S, Smith HJ. Diagnostic ultrasound of the shoulder--a method for experts only? Results from an orthopedic surgeon with relative inexpensive compared to operative findings. Acta Orthop. 2005 Aug. 76(4):503-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Anthony SG, McCormick F, Gross DJ, Golijanin P, Provencher MT. Biceps tenodesis for long head of the biceps after auto-rupture or failed surgical tenotomy: results in an active population. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015 Feb. 24 (2):e36-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Legg AJ, Stevens R, Oakes NO, Shahane SA. A comparison of nonoperative vs. Endobutton repair of distal biceps ruptures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Mar. 25 (3):341-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Grewal R, Athwal GS, MacDermid JC, Faber KJ, Drosdowech DS, King GJW. Surgical Technique for Single and Double-Incision Method of Acute Distal Biceps Tendon Repair. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2012 Oct. 2 (4):e22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

J Michael Wieting, DO, MEd, FAOCPMR, FAAOE Senior Associate Dean, Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Professor of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine

J Michael Wieting, DO, MEd, FAOCPMR, FAAOE is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Osteopathic Examiners, American Osteopathic Association, American Osteopathic College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Association of Academic Physiatrists, Gold Humanism Honor Society, International Society for Communication Science and Medicine, Michigan Osteopathic Association, Oklahoma Osteopathic Association, Tennessee Osteopathic Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nicholas C Elwert, DO, MS Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stroke Rehabilitation Program Director, Associate Residency Program Director, UK HealthCare, University of Kentucky College of Medicine

Nicholas C Elwert, DO, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Osteopathic College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Association of Academic Physiatrists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Aishwarya Patil, MD Physiatrist (Rehabilitation Physician), Vice Chair, Immanuel Rehabilitation Center

Aishwarya Patil, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Association of Academic Physiatrists, Association of Physicians of India

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Milton J Klein, DO, MBA Consulting Physiatrist, Heritage Valley Health System-Sewickley Hospital and Ohio Valley General Hospital

Milton J Klein, DO, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Disability Evaluating Physicians, American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Osteopathy, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Osteopathic College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Pain Society, Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary L Branch, DO Staff Physician, Memorial Healthcare Center and Mid-Michigan Orthopedics

Gary L Branch, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Osteopathic College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article