Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questions & Answers

1. Chammas M, Boretto J, Burmann LM, Ramos RM, Dos Santos Neto FC, Silva JB. Carpal tunnel syndrome - Part I (anatomy, physiology, etiology and diagnosis). Rev Bras Ortop. 2014 Sep-Oct. 49 (5):429-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Chammas M, Boretto J, Burmann LM, Ramos RM, Neto FS, Silva JB. Carpal tunnel syndrome - Part II (treatment). Rev Bras Ortop. 2014 Sep-Oct. 49 (5):437-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Robinson LR. Electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007 Nov. 18(4):733-46, vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Practice parameter for electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome: summary statement. American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Muscle Nerve. 1993 Dec. 16(12):1390-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Stevens JC. AAEM minimonograph #26: the electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Muscle Nerve. 1997 Dec. 20(12):1477-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Chang MH, Lee YC, Hsieh PF. The real role of forearm mixed nerve conduction velocity in the assessment of proximal forearm conduction slowing in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Nov 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Lee D, van Holsbeeck MT, Janevski PK, et al. Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound versus electromyography. Radiol Clin North Am. 1999 Jul. 37(4):859-72, x. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Tai TW, Wu CY, Su FC, Chern TC, Jou IM. Ultrasonography for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2012 Jul. 38(7):1121-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Cartwright MS. Ultrasound of focal neuropathies. Walker FO, Cartwright MS, eds. Neuromuscular Ultrasound. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. 74-76.

10. Banta CA. A prospective, nonrandomized study of iontophoresis, wrist splinting, and antiinflammatory medication in the treatment of early-mild carpal tunnel syndrome. J Occup Med. 1994 Feb. 36(2):166-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Page MJ, O'Connor D, Pitt V, Massy-Westropp N. Therapeutic ultrasound for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18. 1:CD009601. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. O'Connor D, Marshall S, Massy-Westropp N. Non-surgical treatment (other than steroid injection) for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. CD003219. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Ugurlu U, Ozkan M, Ozdogan H. The development of a new orthosis (neuro-orthosis) for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: its effect on the function and strength of the hand. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2008 Dec. 32(4):403-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Page MJ, Massy-Westropp N, O'Connor D, Pitt V. Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jul 11. 7:CD010003. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Marshall S, Tardif G, Ashworth N. Local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007. (2):CD001554. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Physical Therapy or Surgery?. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017 Mar. 47 (3):162. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Scholten RJ, Mink van der Molen A, Uitdehaag BM, et al. Surgical treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007. (4):CD003905. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Boya H, Ozcan O, Oztekin HH. Long-term complications of open carpal tunnel release. Muscle Nerve. 2008 Nov. 38(5):1443-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Verdugo RJ, Salinas RA, Castillo JL, Cea JG. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8. CD001552. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. de Krom MC, Kester AD, Knipschild PG, et al. Risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Dec. 132(6):1102-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, et al. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. JAMA. 1999 Jul 14. 282(2):153-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. de Krom MC, Knipschild PG, Kester AD, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome: prevalence in the general population. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992 Apr. 45(4):373-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Goga IE. Carpal tunnel syndrome in black South Africans. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1990 Feb. 15(1):96-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Garland FC, Garland CF, Doyle EJ Jr, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome and occupation in U.S. Navy enlisted personnel. Arch Environ Health. 1996 Sep-Oct. 51(5):395-407. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Durkan JA. The carpal-compression test. An instrumented device for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome. Orthop Rev. 1994 Jun. 23(6):522-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Kao SY. Carpal tunnel syndrome as an occupational disease. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2003 Nov-Dec. 16(6):533-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Palmer KT, Harris EC, Coggon D. Carpal tunnel syndrome and its relation to occupation: a systematic literature review. Occup Med (Lond). 2007 Jan. 57(1):57-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Bernard PB, ed. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors: A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Neck, Upper Extremity, and Low Back. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Jul 1997. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-141/.

29. Fernandez-Munoz JJ, Palacios-Cena M, Cigaran-Mendez M, et al. Pain is Associated to Clinical, Psychological, Physical, and Neuro-physiological Variables in Women with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2015 Apr 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Yeh KT, Lee RP, Yu TC, et al. Risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome or trigger finger following distal radius fracture: a nationwide study. Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 16. 10 (1):469. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Zagnoli F, Andre V, Le Dreff P, et al. Idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical, electrodiagnostic, and magnetic resonance imaging correlations. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 Apr. 66(4):192-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Incebiyik S, Boyaci A, Tutoglu A. Short-term effectiveness of short-wave diathermy treatment on pain, clinical symptoms, and hand function in patients with mild or moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014 Jul 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Page MJ, O'Connor D, Pitt V, Massy-Westropp N. Exercise and mobilisation interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13. 6:CD009899. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. O'Connor D, Page MJ, Marshall SC, Massy-Westropp N. Ergonomic positioning or equipment for treating carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18. 1:CD009600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Goodyear-Smith F, Arroll B. What can family physicians offer patients with carpal tunnel syndrome other than surgery? A systematic review of nonsurgical management. Ann Fam Med. 2004 May-Jun. 2(3):267-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Meys V, Thissen S, Rozeman S, Beekman R. Prognostic factors in carpal tunnel syndrome treated with a corticosteroid injection. Muscle Nerve. 2011 Nov. 44(5):763-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Chen PC, Wang LY, Pong YP, Hsin YJ, Liaw MY, Chiang CW. Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided vs direct approach corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2018 Feb 13. 50 (2):200-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Raeissadat SA, Shahraeeni S, Sedighipour L, Vahdatpour B. Randomized controlled trial of local progesterone vs corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017 Feb 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Eftekharsadat B, Babaei-Ghazani A, Habibzadeh A. The Efficacy of 100 and 300 mg Gabapentin in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Iran J Pharm Res. 2015 Fall. 14 (4):1275-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

40. Hui AC, Wong SM, Leung HW, Man BL, Yu E, Wong LK. Gabapentin for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Neurol. 2011 May. 18 (5):726-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. [Guideline] American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of carpal tunnel syndrome: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Available at https://www.aaos.org/uploadedFiles/PreProduction/Quality/Guidelines_and_Reviews/guidelines/CTS%20CPG_2.29.16.pdf. Feb 29, 2016; Accessed: May 23, 2018.

42. Meyers A, Annunziata MJ, Rampazzo A, Bassiri Gharb B. A Systematic Review of the Outcomes of Carpal Ligament Release in Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. J Hand Surg Am. 2022 Jan 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Rivlin M, Kachooei AR, Wang ML, Ilyas AM. Electrodiagnostic Grade and Carpal Tunnel Release Outcomes: A Prospective Analysis. J Hand Surg Am. 2018 Jan 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Rozanski M, Neuhaus V, Thornton E, Becker SJ, Rathmell JP, Ring D. Symptoms During or Shortly After Isolated Carpal Tunnel Release and Problems Within 24 hours After Surgery. J Hand Microsurg. 2015 Jun. 7 (1):30-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Pace GI, Zale CL, Gendelberg D, Taylor KF. Self-Reported Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Revision Carpal Tunnel Surgery With or Without Hypothenar Fat Pad Transposition. Hand (N Y). 2017 Mar 1. 1558944717701243. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Nigel L Ashworth, MBChB, MSc, FRCPC Professor, Divisions of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neurology, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Canada

Nigel L Ashworth, MBChB, MSc, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Australian & New Zealand Association of Neurologists, British Medical Association, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Society of Clinical Neurophysiologists, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Patrick M Foye, MD Director of Coccyx Pain Center, Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Co-Director of Musculoskeletal Fellowship, Co-Director of Back Pain Clinic, University Hospital

Patrick M Foye, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Milton J Klein, DO, MBA Consulting Physiatrist, Heritage Valley Health System-Sewickley Hospital and Ohio Valley General Hospital

Milton J Klein, DO, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Disability Evaluating Physicians, American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Osteopathy, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Osteopathic College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Pain Society, Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Benjamin M Sucher, DO, FAOCPMR, FAAPMR Medical Director, EMG Labs of AARA (Arizona Arthritis and Rheumatology Associates)

Benjamin M Sucher, DO, FAOCPMR, FAAPMR is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Osteopathic Association, American Osteopathic College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Arizona Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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