Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Questions & Answers

1. Paice E. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. BMJ. 1995 Jun 24. 310(6995):1645-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Uceyler N, Eberle T, Rolke R, et al. Differential expression patterns of cytokines in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. Sep 2007. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Wasner G, Heckmann K, Maier C, et al. Vascular abnormalities in acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): complete inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity with recovery. Arch Neurol. 1999 May. 56(5):613-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Kurvers HA, Jacobs MJ, Beuk RJ, et al. The spinal component to skin blood flow abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Arch Neurol. 1996 Jan. 53(1):58-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Blaes F, Tschernatsch M, Braeu ME, Matz O, Schmitz K, Nascimento D. Autoimmunity in complex-regional pain syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jun. 1107:168-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Veldman PH, Reynen HM, Arntz IE, Goris RJ. Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: prospective study of 829 patients. Lancet. 1993 Oct 23. 342(8878):1012-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Maleki J, LeBel AA, Bennett GJ, et al. Patterns of spread in complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Pain. 2000 Dec 1. 88(3):259-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Peterlin BL, Rosso AL, Nair S, et al. Migraine may be a risk factor for the development of complex regional pain syndrome. Cephalalgia. 2009 Jul 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Elsharydah A, Loo NH, Minhajuddin A, Kandil ES. Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 predictors - Epidemiological perspective from a national database analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2017 Jun. 39:34-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Werner R, Davidoff G, Jackson MD, et al. Factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the three-phase technetium bone scan in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in the upper extremity. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1989 May. 14(3):520-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Kozin F, Soin JS, Ryan LM, et al. Bone scintigraphy in the reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Radiology. 1981 Feb. 138(2):437-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Schürmann M, Zaspel J, Löhr P, et al. Imaging in early posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome: a comparison of diagnostic methods. Clin J Pain. 2007 Jun. 23(5):449-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Bruehl S, Lubenow TR, Nath H, Ivankovich O. Validation of thermography in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Clin J Pain. 1996 Dec. 12(4):316-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Chelimsky TC, Low PA, Naessens JM, et al. Value of autonomic testing in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995 Nov. 70(11):1029-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Brunnekreef JJ, Oosterhof J, Wolff AP, et al. No impaired hemoglobin oxygenation in forearm muscles of patients with chronic CRPS-1. Clin J Pain. 2009 Jul-Aug. 25(6):513-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. [Guideline] Harden RN, Oaklander AL, Burton AW, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome: practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 4th edition. Pain Med. 2013 Feb. 14(2):180-229. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Rashiq S, Galer BS. Proximal myofascial dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective prevalence study. Clin J Pain. 1999 Jun. 15(2):151-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Steverens VL, Oerlemans HM, Weesels A. Cost effectiveness analysis of adjuring physical or occupational therapy for patients with RSD. Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation. 1999. 80:1038-43.

19. Johnston EC, Howell SJ. Tension neuropathy of the superficial peroneal nerve: associated conditions and results of release. Foot Ankle Int. 1999 Sep. 20(9):576-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Eckmann MS, Ramamurthy S, Griffin JG. Intravenous regional ketorolac and lidocaine in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome of the lower extremity: a randomized, double-blinded, crossover study. Clin J Pain. 2011 Mar-Apr. 27(3):203-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Kumar K, Nath RK, Toth C. Spinal cord stimulation is effective in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurosurgery. 1997 Mar. 40(3):503-8; discussion 508-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Geurts JW, Smits H, Kemler MA, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome type I: a prospective cohort study with long-term follow-up. Neuromodulation. 2013 Nov-Dec. 16(6):523-9; discussion 529. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. van Hilten BJ, van de Beek WJ, Hoff JI, et al. Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug 31. 343(9):625-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Lundborg C, Dahm P, Nitescu P, et al. Clinical experience using intrathecal (IT) bupivacaine infusion in three patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999 Jul. 43(6):667-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Park J, Lee YJ, Kim ED. Clinical effects of pulsed radiofrequency to the thoracic sympathetic ganglion versus the cervical sympathetic chain in patients with upper-extremity complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Feb. 98 (5):e14282. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Dielissen PW, Claassen AT, Veldman PH, Goris RJ. Amputation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995 Mar. 77(2):270-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Monti DA, Herring CL, Schwartzman RJ, et al. Personality assessment of patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I. Clin J Pain. 1998 Dec. 14(4):295-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Schoppa D, et al. Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Neurosurg. 1996 Mar. 84(3):415-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Nayak R, Banik RK. Current Innovations in Peripheral Nerve Stimulation. Pain Res Treat. 2018. 2018:9091216. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Zollinger PE, Tuinebreijer WE, Breederveld RS, et al. Can vitamin C prevent complex regional pain syndrome in patients with wrist fractures? A randomized, controlled, multicenter dose-response study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jul. 89(7):1424-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Mbizvo GK, Nolan SJ, Nurmikko TJ, et al. Placebo Responses in Long-Standing Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pain. 2015 Feb. 16(2):99-115. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. [Guideline] Henderson J. Updated guidelines on complex regional pain syndrome in adults^✰. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2019 Jan. 72 (1):1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Hsu ES. Practical management of complex regional pain syndrome. Am J Ther. 2009 Mar-Apr. 16(2):147-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Quang-Cantagrel ND, Wallace MS, Magnuson SK. Opioid substitution to improve the effectiveness of chronic noncancer pain control: a chart review. Anesth Analg. 2000 Apr. 90(4):933-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Rowbotham M, Harden N, Stacey B, et al. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998 Dec 2. 280(21):1837-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Jain KK. An evaluation of intrathecal ziconotide for the treatment of chronic pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000 Oct. 9(10):2403-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Kiefer RT, Rohr P, Ploppa A, et al. Complete recovery from intractable complex regional pain syndrome, CRPS-type I, following anesthetic ketamine and midazolam. Pain Pract. 2007 Jun. 7(2):147-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Koffler SP, Hampstead BM, Irani F, et al. The neurocognitive effects of 5 day anesthetic ketamine for the treatment of refractory complex regional pain syndrome. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007 Aug. 22(6):719-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Brinkers M, Rumpelt P, Lux A, Kretzschmar M, Pfau G. Psychiatric Disorders in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): The Role of the Consultation-Liaison Psychiatrist. Pain Res Manag. 2018. 2018:2894360. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

40. Dumitru D. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Phys Med Rehabil: State Art Rev. 1991. 5:89-101.

Manish K Singh, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Teaching Faculty for Pain Management and Neurology Residency Program, Hahnemann University Hospital, Drexel College of Medicine; Medical Director, Neurology and Pain Management, Jersey Institute of Neuroscience

Manish K Singh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Headache Society, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American Medical Association, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jashvant Patel, MD, MS Physician in Pain Medicine, Interventional Pain Management and Santa Maria Radiation Oncology, Dignity Health

Jashvant Patel, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: Alberta Medical Association, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Medical Society of the State of New York

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John Grothusen, PhD Director of Quantitative Sensory and Autonomic Nervous System Laboratory, Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Patrick M Foye, MD Director of Coccyx Pain Center, Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Co-Director of Musculoskeletal Fellowship, Co-Director of Back Pain Clinic, University Hospital

Patrick M Foye, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Patrick M Foye, MD Director of Coccyx Pain Center, Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Co-Director of Musculoskeletal Fellowship, Co-Director of Back Pain Clinic, University Hospital

Patrick M Foye, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA Professor of Clinical Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Program Director, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans

Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Debra Ibrahim New York College of Osteopathic Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Leia Rispoli Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article