Author
Eva Kovacs, MD Physician, Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Eva Kovacs, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Daniel F Battafarano, DO, MACP, MACR Rheumatology Consultant, CommuniCare; Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Daniel F Battafarano, DO, MACP, MACR is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Stephanie Danielle Mathew, DO Fellowship Program Director, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Stephanie Danielle Mathew, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Osteopathic Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Herbert S Diamond, MD Visiting Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital
Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Milton B Armstrong, MD, FACS Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery, Associate Professor of Clinical Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Milton B Armstrong, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Hand Surgery, American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and National Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS, FRCSC, FCS(SA) Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California at San Diego; Private Practice, LaJolla, California
D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS, FRCSC, FCS(SA) is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Assocation, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, California Society of Plastic Surgeons, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Lawrence H Brent, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Chair, Program Director, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Lawrence H Brent, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology
Disclosure: Abbott Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Centocor Consulting fee Consulting; Genentech Grant/research funds Other; HGS/GSK Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Omnicare Consulting fee Consulting; Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Roche Speaking and teaching; Savient Honoraria Speaking and teaching; UCB Honoraria Speaking and teaching
David F Butler, MD Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Chair, Department of Dermatology, Director, Dermatology Residency Training Program, Scott and White Clinic, Northside Clinic
David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Rene Cailliet, MD Professor-Chairman Emeritus, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine; Former Director, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Santa Monica Hospital Medical Center
Rene Cailliet, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Pain Society, Association of American Medical Colleges, International Association for the Study of Pain, and Pan American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
David W Chang, MD, FACS Associate Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Medical School at Houston
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Theresa Dressler Conologue, DO, FAAD Physician, Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center
Theresa Dressler Conologue, DO, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, American Academy of Dermatology, and American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Dirk M Elston, MD Director, Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology, New York
Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Evan R Farmer, MD Clinical Professor of Pathology and Dermatology, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Evan R Farmer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Dermatological Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Dermatopathology, and International Society of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Patrick M Foye, MD Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Co-Director of Musculoskeletal Fellowship, Co-Director of Back Pain Clinic, Director of Coccyx Pain Service (Tailbone Pain Service: www.TailboneDoctor.com), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School
Patrick M Foye, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Association of Academic Physiatrists, and International Spine Intervention Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
William D James, MD, Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Vice-Chair, Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Health System
William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, and Society for Investigative Dermatology
Disclosure: Elselvier
Felisa S Lewis, MD Staff Physician, Department of Dermatology, Madigan Army Medical Center
Felisa S Lewis, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, International Society of Dermatology, and Women's Dermatologic Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Carlos J Lozada, MD Director of Rheumatology Fellowship Program, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine
Carlos J Lozada, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American College of Rheumatology
Disclosure: Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Amgen Honoraria Speaking and teaching
Jeffrey J Miller, MD Associate Professor of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Staff Dermatologist, Pennsylvania State Milton S Hershey Medical Center
Jeffrey J Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Professors of Dermatology, North American Hair Research Society, and Society for Investigative Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Joseph A Molnar, MD, PhD, FACS Director, Wound Care Center, Associate Director of Burn Unit, Associate Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine
Joseph A Molnar, MD, PhD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Burn Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, North Carolina Medical Society, Peripheral Nerve Society, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, and Wound Healing Society
Disclosure: KCI, Inc. Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Integra Life Sciences Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Clincal Cell Culture Grant/research funds Co-investigator; KCI, Inc Wake Forest University receives royalties Other
Don R Revis Jr, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine
Don R Revis Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, and American Society of Plastic Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Frank R Rogers, MD, MBA Associate Professor, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Director, Undergraduate Education, Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Frank R Rogers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Hand Surgery, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Association for Surgical Education
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Richard Salcido, MD Chairman, Erdman Professor of Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Richard Salcido, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American College of Physician Executives, American Medical Association, and American Paraplegia Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Kristina Shaffer, MD, MPH Consulting Staff, Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Consultants
Kristina Shaffer, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose
Dev Sinha, MD Research Associate/Physiatrist Observership, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Todd P Stitik, MD Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Director, Outpatient Occupational/Musculoskeletal Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey School of Medicine
Todd P Stitik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Association of Academic Physiatrists, Phi Beta Kappa, and Physiatric Association of Spine, Sports and Occupational Rehabilitation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment
Wendy Wing-Heen-Lo Wong, MD Research Fellow in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Wendy Wing-Heen-Lo Wong, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association and American Medical Student Association/Foundation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Rajesh R Yadav, MD Associate Professor, Section of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas at Houston
Rajesh R Yadav, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgments
The authors and editors of Medscape Drugs & Diseases gratefully acknowledge the previous contributions of Debra Ibrahim, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine Class of 2008, Evish Kamrava, St. George's University School of Medicine Class of 2009, Jason Lee, St. George's University School of Medicine Class of 2010, Cyrus Kao, St. George's University School of Medicine Class of 2011, and Robert Mathew, to the development or revision of a source article.
