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      News & Perspective Drugs & Diseases CME & Education Academy Video Decision Point
      Drugs & Diseases > Rheumatology

      Fibromyalgia Clinical Presentation

      Updated: Sep 14, 2021
      • Author: Chad S Boomershine, MD, PhD, CPI, CPT; Chief Editor: Herbert S Diamond, MD  more...
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      Presentation

      History

      By definition, fibromyalgia is a disorder of chronic, widespread pain and tenderness. Chronic indicates the pain and tenderness have been present continuously for at least 3 months. Widespread means the pain and tenderness are on both sides of the body, above and below the waist, including the axial spine (usually the paraspinal, scapular, and trapezius muscles). While identification of fibromyalgia patients by the original 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria required a specialized physical examination to quantify tender-point count that many providers have not been trained to perform, [9] the 2010 ACR diagnostic criteria allow for diagnosis by history without specialized training. [11]

      In addition to chronic, widespread pain and tenderness, the 2010 diagnostic criteria require that fibromyalgia patients have significant symptoms of fatigue, unrefreshed sleep, and cognitive dysfunction (difficulties with thinking and remembering), along with numerous somatic symptoms. However, fibromyalgia is a diagnosis of exclusion and patients must be thoroughly evaluated for the presence of other disorders that could be the cause of symptoms before a diagnosis of fibromyalgia is made.

      For this reason, all patients require a thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation before they are diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Approximately one third of patients identify a specific event (eg, illness, stress or injury) that precipitated the development of fibromyalgia. However, most patients spontaneously develop symptoms without an identifiable stressor. In addition, while some patients have a history of childhood trauma, the majority do not and it should not be assumed that all fibromyalgia patients have a history of abuse.

      2010 ACR diagnostic criteria: Physician assessment

      The 2010 ACR diagnostic criteria require physicians to evaluate patients by questioning to determine scores on a widespread pain index (WPI) and a symptom severity (SS) scale.

      The WPI quantifies the extent of bodily pain on a 0-19 scale by asking patients if they have had pain or tenderness in 19 different body regions (shoulder girdle, hip, jaw, upper arm, upper leg, lower arm, and lower leg on each side of the body, as well as upper back, lower back, chest, neck, and abdomen) over the past week, with each painful or tender region scoring 1 point.

      The SS scale quantifies symptom severity on a 0-12 scale by scoring problems with fatigue, cognitive dysfunction and unrefreshed sleep over the past week each on a scale from 0-3, as follows:

      • 0 = No problem
      • 1 = A slight or mild problem (generally mild or intermittent)
      • 2 = A moderate or considerable problem (often present and/or at a moderate level)
      • 3 = A severe, continuous, life-disturbing problem

      These scores are summed for a measure of the physician’s impression of the number of somatic symptoms the patient has on a 0-3 scale, as follows:

      • 0 = No symptoms
      • 1 = A few symptoms
      • 2 = A moderate number of symptoms
      • 3 = A great deal of symptoms.

      A patient is diagnosed with fibromyalgia if the following three conditions are met:

      1.  The WPI score is 7 or higher and the SS scale score is 5 or higher or the WPI is 3-6 and the SS scale score is 9 or higher
      2. The symptoms have been present at a similar level for at least 3 months
      3. The patient does not have another disorder that would otherwise explain his or her pain

      Modified 2010 ACR diagnostic criteria: Patient self-assessment questionnaire

      In the 2010 ACR diagnostic criteria, symptom severity is determined by the physician. However, since fibromyalgia is a subjective disorder, patients are the ultimate source of information on the severity of their symptoms. Physicians tend to underestimate patient symptom severity, [97] and physician scoring of symptom severity can lead to underdiagnosis.

      By their nature, the fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria are amenable to administration as a patient self-report questionnaire that can limit underdiagnosis and speed clinical evaluation since patients can complete the assessment prior to entering the examination room. Such a self-administered patient questionnaire based on the fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria has been shown to accurately identify fibromyalgia patients. [98] This questionnaire is divided into 3 sections.

      The first section assesses the distribution of bodily pain using the same 19 body areas as in the WPI, with patients marking each area yes or no to indicate the presence of pain or tenderness in that area over the past week. Patients score 1 point for each painful or tender body area, yielding a self-report WPI score between 0 and 19, analogous to the WPI score in the physician-assessed diagnostic criteria.

      The second section evaluates the severity of problems with daytime fatigue, nonrestorative sleep, and cognitive dysfunction (trouble thinking and remembering) using separate questions scored on 0-3 scales that range from 0 = no problem to 3 = a severe problem.

      The third section asks patients whether they have experienced pain or cramps in the lower abdomen, depression, or headache during the past 6 months, with patients scoring 1 point for each positive symptom.

      Scores from the second and third sections are summed to yield a 0-12 SS scale score analogous to the SS scale score in the physician-assessed diagnostic criteria. Scores from the WPI and SS scale sections are summed to yield a 0-31 index termed the polysymptomatic distress scale (PSD). Patients with a PSD scale score of 13 or more are diagnosed with fibromyalgia if the symptoms have been present at a similar level for at least 3 months and the patient does not have another disorder that would otherwise explain the symptoms.

      Next:

      Physical Examination

      The goal of the physical examination is to confirm the diagnosis, rule out concomitant systemic diseases, and recognize common coexisting conditions. Except for painful tender points and, perhaps, signs of deconditioning, physical examination findings are typically normal in fibromyalgia patients. The tender-point examination should be performed first during the physical examination, because other aspects of the examination may influence sensitivity of tender points.

      Performance of the tender-point examination can be improved by using the manual tender-point survey (MTPS) method. [99] The MTPS has been shown to reduce variability in performance of the tender-point examination and identify fibromyalgia patients with high sensitivity and specificity.

      The MTPS consists of standardized components including the following:

      1. Location of the tender-point sites
      2. Patient and examiner positioning
      3. Order of tender-point examination
      4. Pressure application technique
      5. Pain severity rating scores

      Eighteen tender points are palpated at standard locations arranged symmetrically on the body, along with 3 control points. See the image below.

      Tender points in fibromyalgia. Tender points in fibromyalgia.
      View Media Gallery

      The thumb pad of the examiner's dominant hand is used to apply pressure to each evaluation site one at a time during the tender-point examination. This allows the examiner to use important tactile cues and is as reliable as the use of a dolorimeter (see Pressure algometry, below).

      The procedure is as follows: First, visually locate the evaluation site. Then, with the thumb pad, press perpendicularly into the evaluation site with gradually increased pressure for 4 seconds until a pressure of 4 kg is reached, roughly enough force to blanch the examiner's nail bed. Each tender-point site should be palpated only once to avoid sensitization. The patient is asked to respond with a "yes" or "no" if he or she has pain at the site being examined. If the patient's response is "yes," the individual is asked to rate the pain on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain), and record each response. A pain severity score of at least 2 is required to count a tender point as positive.

      Pain scores from each of the 18 tender-point sites can be averaged to yield a Fibromyalgia Intensity Score (FIS) that varies from 0-10, with higher scores indicating more severe tenderness. The FIS can be monitored over time to evaluate response to therapy.

      It is important to emphasize that pain upon light pressure may not be restricted to specific tender points. Many patients feel pain virtually anywhere that pressure is applied, including at the control points (eg, forehead, thumbnail, and distal right forearm) that are relatively insensitive to pain in healthy patients. Pain to palpation at control points should not be considered abnormal in fibromyalgia patients and should not be taken as proof that the patient is "faking" the examination.

      Site locations

      The standard 18 fibromyalgia tender points exist as 9 pairs (in addition to 3 control sites; see below), 4 on the anterior of the body and 5 on the posterior of the body. [9] The sites are as follows:

      • 1 (control site) - Forehead
      • 2 and 3 (diagnostic sites) - Occiput at the nuchal ridge
      • 4 and 5 (diagnostic sites) - Trapezius
      • 6 and 7 (diagnostic sites) - Supraspinatus
      • 8 and 9 (diagnostic sites) - Gluteal
      • 10 and 11 (diagnostic sites) - Low cervical
      • 12 and 13 (diagnostic sites) - Second rib
      • 14 and 15 (diagnostic sites) - Lateral epicondyle
      • 16 (control site) - Distal middle third of the right forearm
      • 17 (control site) - Nail of the left thumb
      • 18 and 19 (diagnostic sites) - Greater trochanter
      • 20 and 21 (diagnostic sites) - Medial knee

      The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) specifies the location of tender points on the anterior body as follows:

      • At the fifth through seventh inter-transverse spaces of the cervical spine
      • In the pectoral muscle, at the second costochondral junctions
      • Approximately 3 finger breadths (2 cm) below the lateral epicondyle
      • At the medial fat pad, proximal to the joint line

      The ACR specifies the location of tender points on the posterior body as follows:

      • At the upper border of the shoulder in the trapezius muscle, midway from the neck to the shoulder joint
      • At the craniomedial border of the scapula, at the origin of the supraspinatus
      • In the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus medius
      • Just posterior to the prominence of the greater trochanter at the piriformis insertion

      Pressure algometry

      A useful device for rough quantitation of pain perception and pain tolerance is a pressure algometer, or dolorimeter, as depicted in the image below. Pressure algometry (dolorimetry) provides a simple determination of pressure pain thresholds at 4 tender points associated with fibromyalgia (ie, both lateral epicondyles, midpoints of the trapezii). Normal values are 4 kg/cm2 or greater.

      Pressure algometer (dolorimeter). Pressure algometer (dolorimeter).
      View Media Gallery

      Pressure algometry can also serve as a useful tool for educating the patient regarding the nature of altered central nociceptive processing, allodynia (pain with stimuli that should not cause pain, such as gentle touching) and hyperalgesia (amplification of pain experienced from peripheral stimuli that are expected to be painful). On follow-up visits, it can provide a semi-quantitative guide to therapy

      Other evaluations

      After completing the tender-point examination, the physician should include neurologic, joint, and musculoskeletal evaluations, as follows:

      • Check the joints for swelling, deformities, and erythema
      • Examine the patient's gait, joint range of motion (ROM), and posture for structural asymmetry and skeletal deficiencies
      • Palpate the soft issues for tone or spasm
      Previous
      Next:

      Complications

      Potential complications of fibromyalgia include the following:

      • Extreme allodynia with high levels of distress
      • Opioid or alcohol dependence
      • Marked functional impairment
      • Severe depression and anxiety
      • Obesity and physical deconditioning
      • Metabolic syndrome
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