Gout and Pseudogout Questions & Answers

1. Tang SCW. Gout: A Disease of Kings. Contrib Nephrol. 2018. 192:77-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Fenando A, Widrich J. Gout. Rheumatol Rehabil. 2020 Jan. 17(4):205-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Zamora EA, Naik R. Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease. J Clin Invest. 2020 Jan. 116(8):2073-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Duskin-Bitan H, Cohen E, Goldberg E, Shochat T, Levi A, Garty M, et al. The degree of asymptomatic hyperuricemia and the risk of gout. A retrospective analysis of a large cohort. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 Apr. 33(4):549-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Edwards NL. Treatment-failure gout: a moving target. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Sep. 58(9):2587-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Bluestone R, Waisman J, Klinenberg JR. The gouty kidney. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1977 Nov. 7(2):97-113. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Towiwat P, Chhana A, Dalbeth N. The anatomical pathology of gout: a systematic literature review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Apr 1. 20 (1):140. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Ben Salem C, Slim R, Fathallah N, Hmouda H. Drug-induced hyperuricaemia and gout. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Aug 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Reginato AM, Mount DB, Yang I, Choi HK. The genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012 Oct. 8(10):610-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Krishnan E, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Krasnow RE, Swan GE. Nature versus nurture in gout: a twin study. Am J Med. 2012 May. 125(5):499-504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Schlesinger N, Brunetti L, Androulakis IP. Does seasonality of the microbiota contribute to the seasonality of acute gout flare?. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022 Sep. 40 (9):1793-1800. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Martínez-Nava GA, Méndez-Salazar EO, Vázquez-Mellado J, et al. The impact of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria of the gut microbiota in hyperuricemia and gout diagnosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2023 Jan. 42 (1):203-214. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Liu-Bryan R, Scott P, Sydlaske A, et al. Innate immunity conferred by Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression is pivotal to monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Sep. 52(9):2936-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Nagase M, Baker DG, Schumacher HR Jr. Immunoglobulin G coating on crystals and ceramics enhances polymorphonuclear cell superoxide production: correlation with immunoglobulin G adsorbed. J Rheumatol. 1989 Jul. 16(7):971-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Ortiz-Bravo E, Sieck MS, Schumacher HR Jr. Changes in the proteins coating monosodium urate crystals during active and subsiding inflammation. Immunogold studies of synovial fluid from patients with gout and of fluid obtained using the rat subcutaneous air pouch model. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Sep. 36(9):1274-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Wu M, Tian Y, Wang Q, Guo C. Gout: a disease involved with complicated immunoinflammatory responses: a narrative review. Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Oct. 39 (10):2849-2859. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Martinon F. Mechanisms of uric acid crystal-mediated autoinflammation. Immunol Rev. 2010 Jan. 233(1):218-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Chatfield SM, Grebe K, Whitehead LW, Rogers KL, Nebl T, Murphy JM, et al. Monosodium Urate Crystals Generate Nuclease-Resistant Neutrophil Extracellular Traps via a Distinct Molecular Pathway. J Immunol. 2018 Mar 1. 200 (5):1802-1816. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Yagnik DR, Evans BJ, Florey O, et al. Macrophage release of transforming growth factor beta1 during resolution of monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jul. 50(7):2273-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Lioté F, Ea HK. Recent developments in crystal-induced inflammation pathogenesis and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007 Jun. 9(3):243-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Liu L, Shan L, Wang H, Schauer C, Schoen J, Zhu L, et al. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Borne Elastase Prevents Inflammatory Relapse in Intercritical Gout. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Jun. 75 (6):1039-1047. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Dalbeth N, Merriman TR, Stamp LK. Gout. Lancet. 2016 Oct 22. 388 (10055):2039-2052. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Merola JF, Wu S, Han J, Choi HK, Qureshi AA. Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and risk of gout in US men and women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Mar 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet. 2004 Apr 17. 363(9417):1277-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Choi HK, Curhan G. Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005 May. 17(3):341-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011 Mar. 23(2):192-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. McAdams-Demarco MA, Maynard JW, Coresh J, Baer AN. Anemia and the onset of gout in a population-based cohort of adults: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Aug 20. 14(4):R193. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Chung MC, Hung PH, Hsiao PJ, Wu LY, Chang CH, Wu MJ, et al. Association of Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein 2 Inhibitor Use for Type 2 Diabetes and Incidence of Gout in Taiwan. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Nov 1. 4 (11):e2135353. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G. Fructose-rich beverages and risk of gout in women. JAMA. 2010 Nov 24. 304(20):2270-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Choi HK, Curhan G. Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008 Feb 9. 336(7639):309-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Yang Q, Guo CY, Cupples LA, Levy D, Wilson PW, Fox CS. Genome-wide search for genes affecting serum uric acid levels: the Framingham Heart Study. Metabolism. 2005 Nov. 54(11):1435-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Dehghan A, Köttgen A, Yang Q, Hwang SJ, Kao WL, Rivadeneira F, et al. Association of three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2008 Dec 6. 372(9654):1953-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Wallace C, Newhouse SJ, Braund P, Zhang F, Tobin M, Falchi M, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies genes for biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: serum urate and dyslipidemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Jan. 82(1):139-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Kolz M, Johnson T, Sanna S, Teumer A, Vitart V, Perola M, et al. Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations. PLoS Genet. 2009 Jun. 5(6):e1000504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Merriman TR. Population heterogeneity in the genetic control of serum urate. Semin Nephrol. 2011 Sep. 31(5):420-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C, Gray NK, Floyd J, Palmer CN, et al. SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout. Nat Genet. 2008 Apr. 40(4):437-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Campion EW, Glynn RJ, DeLabry LO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Med. 1987 Mar. 82(3):421-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Bodofsky S, Merriman TR, Thomas TJ, Schlesinger N. Advances in our understanding of gout as an auto-inflammatory disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020 Oct. 50 (5):1089-1100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Hall AP, Barry PE, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia. A long-term population study. Am J Med. 1967 Jan. 42(1):27-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Rho YH, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Reginato AM, Choi HK. Risk factors for pseudogout in the general population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012 Nov. 51(11):2070-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Lin HY, Rocher LL, McQuillan MA, Schmaltz S, Palella TD, Fox IH. Cyclosporine-induced hyperuricemia and gout. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 3. 321(5):287-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Corominas H, Badlissi F, Shmerling RH. Crystal-induced oligoarthritis triggered by pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Joint Bone Spine. 2018 Oct. 85 (5):647-648. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Lai SW, Kuo YH, Liao KF. Risk of gout flares after vaccination. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Aug 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Yokose C, McCormick N, Chen C, Neogi T, Chaisson C, Terkeltaub R, et al. Risk of gout flares after vaccination: a prospective case cross-over study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Nov. 78 (11):1601-1604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Kleiber Balderrama C, Rosenthal AK, Lans D, Singh JA, Bartels CM. Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease and Associated Medical Comorbidities: A National Cross-Sectional Study of US Veterans. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017 Sep. 69 (9):1400-1406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Huang YJ, Kuo CF. Can drugs trigger CPPD acute attacks?. Joint Bone Spine. 2019 Mar. 86 (2):131-134. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Watanabe H, Yamada S, Anayama S, Sato E, Maekawa S, Sugiyama H, et al. Pseudogout attack induced during etidronate disodium therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2006. 16(2):117-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Taggarshe D, Ng CH, Molokwu C, Singh S. Acute pseudogout following contrast angiography. Clin Rheumatol. 2006 Feb. 25(1):115-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Ciancio G, Bortoluzzi A, Govoni M. Epidemiology of gout and chondrocalcinosis. Reumatismo. 2012 Jan 19. 63(4):207-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Singh G, Lingala B, Mithal A. Gout and hyperuricaemia in the USA: prevalence and trends. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019 Dec 1. 58 (12):2177-2180. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

51. Kim KY, Ralph Schumacher H, Hunsche E, Wertheimer AI, Kong SX. A literature review of the epidemiology and treatment of acute gout. Clin Ther. 2003 Jun. 25(6):1593-617. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Terkeltaub RA. Gout: Recent advances and emerging therapies. Rheumatic Disease Clinics Update. 2008;3(1):1-9.:

53. Garg R, Sayles HR, Yu F, Michaud K, Singh J, Saag KG, et al. Gout-related health care utilization in US emergency departments, 2006 through 2008. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013 Apr. 65(4):571-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Singh JA, Gaffo A. Gout epidemiology and comorbidities. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020 Jun. 50 (3S):S11-S16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Tang YM, Zhang L, Zhu SZ, Pan JJ, Zhou SH, He TJ, et al. Gout in China, 1990-2017: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Public Health. 2021 Jan 19. 191:33-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Cea Soriano L, Rothenbacher D, Choi HK, García Rodríguez LA. Contemporary epidemiology of gout in the UK general population. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011 Mar 3. 13(2):R39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. Trifirò G, Morabito P, Cavagna L, Ferrajolo C, Pecchioli S, Simonetti M, et al. Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricaemia in Italy during the years 2005-2009: a nationwide population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 May. 72(5):694-700. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Reed D, Labarthe D, Stallones R. Epidemiologic studies of serum uric acid levels among Micronesians. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 Jul-Aug. 15(4):381-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Rose BS. Gout in Maoris. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1975 Nov. 5(2):121-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Choi HK, De Vera MA, Krishnan E. Gout and the risk of type 2 diabetes among men with a high cardiovascular risk profile. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Oct. 47(10):1567-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Olaniyi-Leyimu BY. Consider gout in patients with risk factors, regardless of age. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Jul 15. 78(2):176. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Fravel MA, Ernst ME. Management of gout in the older adult. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011 Oct. 9(5):271-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Singh H, Torralba KD. Therapeutic challenges in the management of gout in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2008 Jul. 63(7):13-8, 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Simmonds HA, McBride MB, Hatfield PJ, Graham R, McCaskey J, Jackson M. Polynesian women are also at risk for hyperuricaemia and gout because of a genetic defect in renal urate handling. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Oct. 33(10):932-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Hochberg MC, Thomas J, Thomas DJ, Mead L, Levine DM, Klag MJ. Racial differences in the incidence of gout. The role of hypertension. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 May. 38(5):628-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Mody GM, Naidoo PD. Gout in South African blacks. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984 Jun. 43(3):394-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

67. Yokose C, McCormick N, Lu N, Joshi AD, Jackson L, Kohler MJ, et al. Nationwide racial/ethnic disparities in US emergency department visits and hospitalizations for gout. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023 Jun 1. 62 (6):2247-2251. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Schumacher HR, Taylor W, Joseph-Ridge N, Perez-Ruiz F, Chen LX, Schlesinger N, et al. Outcome evaluations in gout. J Rheumatol. 2007 Jun. 34(6):1381-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Becker MA, MacDonald PA, Hunt BJ, Lademacher C, Joseph-Ridge N. Determinants of the clinical outcomes of gout during the first year of urate-lowering therapy. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2008 Jun. 27(6):585-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Yü T, Talbott JH. Changing trends of mortality in gout. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1980 Aug. 10(1):1-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Hubert J, Weiser L, Hischke S, Uhlig A, Rolvien T, Schmidt T, et al. Cartilage calcification of the ankle joint is associated with osteoarthritis in the general population. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018 May 24. 19 (1):169. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

72. Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. Uric acid and insulin sensitivity and risk of incident hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jan 26. 169(2):155-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

73. Kim SY, De Vera MA, Choi HK. Gout and mortality. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 Sep-Oct. 26(5 Suppl 51):S115-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Lottmann K, Chen X, Schädlich PK. Association between gout and all-cause as well as cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012 Apr. 14(2):195-203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

75. Feig DI, Johnson RJ. The role of uric acid in pediatric hypertension. J Ren Nutr. Jan/2007. 17(1):79-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Krishnan E, Svendsen K, Neaton JD, et al. Long-term cardiovascular mortality among middle-aged men with gout. Arch Intern Med. 2008 May 26. 168(10):1104-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Mhanna M, Jabri A, Omar YA, Al-Abdouh A, Beran A, Ramahi A, et al. The Burden of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Gout: A National Representative Database Study. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023 Jan. 48 (1):101437. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Kuo CF, See LC, Luo SF, Ko YS, Lin YS, Hwang JS, et al. Gout: an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010 Jan. 49(1):141-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Seminog OO, Goldacre MJ. Gout as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in England: evidence from record linkage studies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Sep 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Clarson LE, Hider SL, Belcher J, Heneghan C, Roddy E, Mallen CD. Increased risk of vascular disease associated with gout: a retrospective, matched cohort study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Aug 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Chen JH, Lan JL, Cheng CF, Liang WM, Lin HY, Tsay GJ, et al. Effect of Urate-lowering Therapy on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-cause Mortality in Patients with Gout: A Case-matched Cohort Study. J Rheumatol. 2015 Sep. 42 (9):1694-701. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Solomon DH, Liu CC, Kuo IH, Zak A, Kim SC. Effects of colchicine on risk of cardiovascular events and mortality among patients with gout: a cohort study using electronic medical records linked with Medicare claims. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Sep. 75 (9):1674-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Mikuls TR, Soto Q, Petro A, Helget L, Roul P, Sayles H, et al. Comparison of Rates of Lower Extremity Amputation in Patients With and Without Gout in the US Department of Veterans Affairs Health System. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jan 4. 5 (1):e2142347. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

84. Topless RK, Gaffo A, Stamp LK, Robinson PC, Dalbeth N, Merriman TR. Gout and the risk of COVID-19 diagnosis and death in the UK Biobank: a population-based study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022 Apr. 4 (4):e274-e281. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

85. Xie D, Choi HK, Dalbeth N, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Lu N, et al. Gout and Excess Risk of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Vaccinated Individuals: A General Population Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Jan. 75 (1):122-132. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

86. Krasnoryadtseva A, Derksen C, Dalbeth N, Petrie KJ. Not Every Picture Tells a Story: A Content Analysis of Visual Images in Patient Educational Resources About Gout. J Rheumatol. 2020 Dec 1. 47 (12):1815-1821. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Lin SH, Hsieh ET, Wu TY, Chang CW. Cervical myelopathy induced by pseudogout in ligamentum flavum and retro-odontoid mass: a case report. Spinal Cord. 2006 Nov. 44(11):692-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Puig JG, Michan AD, Jimenez ML, et al. Female gout. Clinical spectrum and uric acid metabolism. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Apr. 151(4):726-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Meyers OL, Monteagudo FS. Gout in females: an analysis of 92 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1985 Apr-Jun. 3(2):105-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Macfarlane DG, Dieppe PA. Diuretic-induced gout in elderly women. Br J Rheumatol. 1985 May. 24(2):155-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Kramer HM, Curhan G. The association between gout and nephrolithiasis: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Jul. 40(1):37-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Marchini GS, Sarkissian C, Tian D, Gebreselassie S, Monga M. Gout, stone composition and urinary stone risk: a matched case comparative study. J Urol. 2013 Apr. 189(4):1334-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Taniguchi Y, Yoshida M, Tamaki T. Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome due to pseudogout. J Hand Surg Br. 1999 Feb. 24(1):125-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Dalbeth N, Schauer C, Macdonald P, Perez-Ruiz F, Schumacher HR, Hamburger S, et al. Methods of tophus assessment in clinical trials of chronic gout: a systematic literature review and pictorial reference guide. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Apr. 70(4):597-604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Stocker SL, Graham GG, McLachlan AJ, Williams KM, Day RO. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between allopurinol and probenecid in patients with gout. J Rheumatol. 2011 May. 38(5):904-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Chehab MR, Goyal J, Schlesinger N. Tophaceous Pustule-like Rash in a Patient with Gout. J Rheumatol. 2012 Jan. 39(1):194-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Coassin M, Piovanetti O, Stark WJ, Green WR. Urate deposition in the iris and anterior chamber. Ophthalmology. 2006 Mar. 113(3):462-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Slansky HH, Kubara T. Intranuclear urate crystals in corneal epithelium. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968 Sep. 80(3):338-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Bernad B, Narvaez J, Diaz-Torné C, Diez-Garcia M, Valverde J. Clinical image: corneal tophus deposition in gout. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar. 54(3):1025. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. MCWILLIAMS JR. Ocular findings in gout; report of a case of conjunctival tophi. Am J Ophthalmol. 1952 Dec. 35(12):1778-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Morris WR, Fleming JC. Gouty tophus at the lateral canthus. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Aug. 121(8):1195-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Fishman RS, Sunderman FW. Band keratopathy in gout. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966 Mar. 75(3):367-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Julkunen H, Heinonen OP, Pyörälä K. Hyperostosis of the spine in an adult population. Its relation to hyperglycaemia and obesity. Ann Rheum Dis. 1971 Nov. 30(6):605-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

104. KOSKOFF YD, MORRIS LE, LUBIC LG. Paraplegia as a complication of gout. J Am Med Assoc. 1953 May 2. 152(1):37-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Nguyen C, Ea HK, Palazzo E, Lioté F. Tophaceous gout: an unusual cause of multiple fractures. Scand J Rheumatol. 2010. 39(1):93-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Anno M, Oshima Y, Taniguchi Y, Matsubayashi Y, Kato S, Soma K, et al. Prevalence and Natural Course of Transverse Ligament of the Atlas Calcification in Asymptomatic Healthy Individuals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018 Dec 15. 43 (24):E1469-E1473. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Wold A, Petscavage-Thomas J, Walker EA. Non-union rate of type II and III odontoid fractures in CPPD versus a control population. Skeletal Radiol. 2018 Nov. 47 (11):1499-1504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Janssens HJ, Fransen J, van de Lisdonk EH, van Riel PL, van Weel C, Janssen M. A diagnostic rule for acute gouty arthritis in primary care without joint fluid analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jul 12. 170(13):1120-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Meyer MM, Marks LA, Aslam F. Clinical implications of synovial fluid specimen handling for crystal associated arthritides: A systematic review. Int J Rheum Dis. 2021 Jan. 24 (1):10-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Niessink T, Otto C, Janssen M, Jansen TL. Calcium carbonates are novel positive birefringent crystals in synovial fluid. Clin Rheumatol. 2023 Feb. 42 (2):635-636. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

111. Barthelemy CR, Nakayama DA, Carrera GF, Lightfoot RW Jr, Wortmann RL. Gouty arthritis: a prospective radiographic evaluation of sixty patients. Skeletal Radiol. 1984. 11(1):1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Dalbeth N, Clark B, Gregory K, Gamble G, Sheehan T, Doyle A, et al. Mechanisms of bone erosion in gout: a quantitative analysis using plain radiography and computed tomography. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Aug. 68(8):1290-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Fodor D, Albu A, Gherman C. Crystal-associated synovitis- ultrasonographic feature and clinical correlation. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2008 Mar-Apr. 10(2):99-110. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. de Ávila Fernandes E, Kubota ES, Sandim GB, Mitraud SA, Ferrari AJ, Fernandes AR. Ultrasound features of tophi in chronic tophaceous gout. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Mar. 40(3):309-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Fernandes EA, Lopes MG, Mitraud SA, Ferrari AJ, Fernandes AR. Ultrasound characteristics of gouty tophi in the olecranon bursa and evaluation of their reproducibility. Eur J Radiol. 2011 Jan 13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Christiansen SN, Østergaard M, Slot O, Fana V, Terslev L. Ultrasound for the diagnosis of gout-the value of gout lesions as defined by the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology ultrasound group. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 Jan 5. 60 (1):239-249. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Loffler C, Sattler H, Peters L, Loffler U, Uppenkamp M, Bergner R. Distinguishing gouty arthritis from calcium pyrophosphate disease and other arthritides. J Rheumatol. 2015 Mar. 42(3):513-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. Naredo E, Uson J, Jiménez-Palop M, Martínez A, Vicente E, Brito E, et al. Ultrasound-detected musculoskeletal urate crystal deposition: which joints and what findings should be assessed for diagnosing gout?. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Aug. 73(8):1522-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

119. Pineda C, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Solano C, Rodriguez-Henríquez P, Hernández-Díaz C, Vargas A, et al. Joint and tendon subclinical involvement suggestive of gouty arthritis in asymptomatic hyperuricemia: an ultrasound controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011 Jan 17. 13(1):R4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

120. Filippou G, Filippucci E, Mandl P, Abhishek A. A critical review of the available evidence on the diagnosis and clinical features of CPPD: do we really need imaging?. Clin Rheumatol. 2021 Jul. 40 (7):2581-2592. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Ottaviani S, Juge PA, Aubrun A, Palazzo E, Dieudé P. Sensitivity and Reproducibility of Ultrasonography in Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Deposition in Knee Cartilage: A Cross-sectional Study. J Rheumatol. 2015 Aug. 42 (8):1511-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

122. Forien M, Combier A, Gardette A, Palazzo E, Dieudé P, Ottaviani S. Comparison of ultrasonography and radiography of the wrist for diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Joint Bone Spine. 2018 Oct. 85 (5):615-618. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

123. De Miguel E, Puig JG, Castillo C, Peiteado D, Torres RJ, Martín-Mola E. Diagnosis of gout in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a pilot ultrasound study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jan. 71(1):157-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

124. Ventura-Ríos L, Sánchez-Bringas G, Pineda C, Hernández-Díaz C, Reginato A, Alva M, et al. Tendon involvement in patients with gout: an ultrasound study of prevalence. Clin Rheumatol. 2016 Aug. 35 (8):2039-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

125. Dalbeth N, Clark B, Gregory K, Gamble G, Sheehan T, Doyle A, et al. Mechanisms of bone erosion in gout: a quantitative analysis using plain radiography and computed tomography. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Aug. 68(8):1290-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

126. Al-Arfaj AM, Nicolaou S, Eftekhari A, Munk P, Shojani K, Reid G, et al. Utility of dual energy computed tomography (DECT) i8n tophaceous gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;58:S878.

127. Ward IM, Scott JN, Mansfield LT, Battafarano DF. Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Demonstrating Destructive Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease of the Distal Radioulnar Joint Mimicking Tophaceous Gout. J Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Sep. 21 (6):314-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

128. Shimizu T, Hori H. The prevalence of nephrolithiasis in patients with primary gout: a cross-sectional study using helical computed tomography. J Rheumatol. 2009 Sep. 36(9):1958-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

129. Stamp LK, Anderson NG, Becce F, Rajeswari M, Polson M, Guyen O, et al. Clinical Utility of Multi-Energy Spectral Photon-Counting Computed Tomography in Crystal Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Jul. 71 (7):1158-1162. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

130. Poh YJ, Dalbeth N, Doyle A, McQueen FM. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Bone Edema Is Not a Major Feature of Gout Unless There Is Concomitant Osteomyelitis: 10-year Findings from a High-prevalence Population. J Rheumatol. 2011 Nov. 38(11):2475-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

131. McQueen FM, Doyle A, Reeves Q, Gao A, Tsai A, Gamble GD. Bone erosions in patients with chronic gouty arthropathy are associated with tophi but not bone oedema or synovitis: new insights from a 3 T MRI study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014 Jan. 53(1):95-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

132. Oostveen JC, van de Laar MA. Magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatic disorders of the spine and sacroiliac joints. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Aug. 30(1):52-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

133. Abreu M, Johnson K, Chung CB, De Lima JE Jr, Trudell D, Terkeltaub R, et al. Calcification in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystalline deposits in the knee: anatomic, radiographic, MR imaging, and histologic study in cadavers. Skeletal Radiol. 2004 Jul. 33 (7):392-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

134. Dalbeth N, Reid S, Stamp LK, Arroll B. Making the right thing the easy thing to do: strategies to improve outcomes in gout. Lancet Rheumatology. October 01, 2019. 1:2:PE122-E131. [Full Text].

135. [Guideline] Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Oct. 64(10):1431-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

136. [Guideline] Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: Therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Oct. 64(10):1447-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

137. [Guideline] FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Jun. 72 (6):744-760. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

138. Kiltz U, Smolen J, Bardin T, Cohen Solal A, Dalbeth N, Doherty M, et al. Treat-to-target (T2T) recommendations for gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Sep 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

139. Dalbeth N, Choi HK, Terkeltaub R. Review: Gout: A Roadmap to Approaches for Improving Global Outcomes. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017 Jan. 69 (1):22-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

140. Levy GD, Rashid N, Niu F, Cheetham TC. Effect of urate-lowering therapies on renal disease progression in patients with hyperuricemia. J Rheumatol. 2014 May. 41 (5):955-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

141. Rashid N, Levy GD, Wu YL, Zheng C, Koblick R, Cheetham TC. Patient and clinical characteristics associated with gout flares in an integrated healthcare system. Rheumatol Int. 2015 Nov. 35 (11):1799-807. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

142. Hu S, Sun M, Li M, Xue X, Terkeltaub R, Wang C, et al. Elevated serum CA72-4 predicts gout flares during urate lowering therapy initiation: a prospective cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022 Nov 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

143. Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Krystexxa Prescribing Information. Available at http://www.krystexxa.com/hcp/default.aspx.

144. Schlesinger N, Detry MA, Holland BK, Baker DG, Beutler AM, Rull M, et al. Local ice therapy during bouts of acute gouty arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb. 29 (2):331-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

145. Roddy E, Clarkson K, Blagojevic-Bucknall M, Mehta R, Oppong R, Avery A, et al. Open-label randomised pragmatic trial (CONTACT) comparing naproxen and low-dose colchicine for the treatment of gout flares in primary care. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Feb. 79 (2):276-284. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

146. Reber P, Crevoisier X, Noesberger B. Unusual localisation of tophaceous gout. A report of four cases and review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1996. 115(5):297-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

147. Schapira D, Stahl S, Izhak OB, Balbir-Gurman A, Nahir AM. Chronic tophaceous gouty arthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Aug. 29(1):56-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

148. Shogan CP, Folio CL. Tophaceous gout and rheumatoid arthritis awareness. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2008 Jul. 108(7):352; author reply 352-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

149. Zeng L, Qasim A, Neogi T, Fitzgerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls TR, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacologic Interventions in Patients Experiencing a Gout Flare: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021 May. 73 (5):755-764. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

150. Zhang Y, Neogi T, Chen C, Chaisson C, Hunter DJ, Choi H. Low-dose aspirin use and recurrent gout attacks. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Feb 1. 73(2):385-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

151. Schumacher HR, Berger MF, Li-Yu J, Perez-Ruiz F, Burgos-Vargas R, Li C. Efficacy and tolerability of celecoxib in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2012 Sep. 39(9):1859-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

152. Medsafe Pharmacovigilance Team. Colchicine: lower doses for greater safety. Available at http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/puarticles/colchdose.htm. Accessed: October 3, 2008.

153. Nuki G. Colchicine: its mechanism of action and efficacy in crystal-induced inflammation. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008 Jul. 10(3):218-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

154. Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Oct. 65(10):1312-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

155. Terkeltaub RA, Furst DE, Bennett K, Kook KA, Crockett RS, Davis MW. High versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: Twenty-four-hour outcome of the first multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-comparison colchicine study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Apr. 62(4):1060-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

156. Terkeltaub RA, Furst DE, Digiacinto JL, Kook KA, Davis MW. Novel evidence-based colchicine dose-reduction algorithm to predict and prevent colchicine toxicity in the presence of cytochrome P450 3A4/P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Aug. 63(8):2226-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

157. FDA takes action to stop the marketing of unapproved injectable drugs containing colchicine. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170113075756/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm116853.htm. February 6, 2008; Accessed: March 15, 2018.

158. Schlesinger N, Alten RE, Bardin T, Schumacher HR, Bloch M, Gimona A, et al. Canakinumab for acute gouty arthritis in patients with limited treatment options: results from two randomised, multicentre, active-controlled, double-blind trials and their initial extensions. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Nov. 71 (11):1839-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

159. Schlesinger N, Pillinger MH, Simon LS, Lipsky PE. Interleukin-1β inhibitors for the management of acute gout flares: a systematic literature review. Arthritis Res Ther. 2023 Jul 25. 25 (1):128. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

160. Desmarais J, Chu CQ. Utility of Anakinra in Acute Crystalline Diseases: A Retrospective Study Comparing a University Hospital with a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. J Rheumatol. 2019 Jul. 46 (7):748-750. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

161. Cipolletta E, Di Matteo A, Scanu A, Isidori M, Di Battista J, Punzi L, et al. Biologics in the treatment of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease: a systematic literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020 Sep-Oct. 38 (5):1001-1007. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

162. Roddy E. Hyperuricemia, gout, and lifestyle factors. J Rheumatol. 2008 Sep. 35(9):1689-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

163. FitzGerald JD, Mikuls TR, Neogi T, Singh JA, Robbins M, Khanna PP, et al. Development of the American College of Rheumatology Electronic Clinical Quality Measures for Gout. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018 May. 70 (5):659-671. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

164. Perez-Ruiz F, Herrero-Beites AM, Carmona L. A two-stage approach to the treatment of hyperuricemia in gout: The "Dirty Dish" hypothesis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Dec. 63(12):4002-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

165. Kelly JC. Gout doubt: Experts challenge new ACP guidelines. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/871265. November 2, 2016; Accessed: November 23, 2016.

166. [Guideline] Qaseem A, Harris RP, Forciea MA, Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Management of Acute and Recurrent Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Nov 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

167. Dalbeth N, Doyle AJ, Billington K, Gamble GD, Tan P, Latto K, et al. Intensive Serum Urate Lowering With Oral Urate-Lowering Therapy for Erosive Gout: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Jun. 74 (6):1059-1069. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

168. Fralick M, Chen SK, Patorno E, Kim SC. Assessing the Risk for Gout With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Jan 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

169. Yu T. The efficacy of colchicine prophylaxis in articular gout--a reappraisal after 20 years. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1982 Nov. 12(2):256-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

170. [Guideline] Wallace SL, Singer JZ, Duncan GJ, et al. Renal function predicts colchicine toxicity: guidelines for the prophylactic use of colchicine in gout. J Rheumatol. 1991 Feb. 18(2):264-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

171. Markel A. Allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J. 2005 Oct. 7(10):656-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

172. Singer JZ, Wallace SL. The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Arthritis Rheum. 1986 Jan. 29(1):82-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

173. McAdams DeMarco MA, Maynard JW, Baer AN, Gelber AC, Young JH, Alonso A, et al. Diuretic use, increased serum urate levels, and risk of incident gout in a population-based study of adults with hypertension: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Jan. 64(1):121-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

174. Yokose C, Lu N, Xie H, Li L, Zheng Y, McCormick N, et al. Heart disease and the risk of allopurinol-associated severe cutaneous adverse reactions: a general population-based cohort study. CMAJ. 2019 Sep 30. 191 (39):E1070-E1077. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

175. Stamp LK, Taylor WJ, Jones PB, Dockerty JL, Drake J, Frampton C, et al. Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug. 64(8):2529-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

176. Vázquez-Mellado J, Morales EM, Pacheco-Tena C, et al. Relation between adverse events associated with allopurinol and renal function in patients with gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Oct. 60(10):981-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

177. Riedel AA, Nelson M, Joseph-Ridge N, Wallace K, MacDonald P, Becker M. Compliance with allopurinol therapy among managed care enrollees with gout: a retrospective analysis of administrative claims. J Rheumatol. 2004 Aug. 31(8):1575-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

178. Rees F, Jenkins W, Doherty M. Patients with gout adhere to curative treatment if informed appropriately: proof-of-concept observational study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jun 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

179. Schumacher HR Jr, Becker MA, Wortmann RL, Macdonald PA, Hunt B, Streit J, et al. Effects of febuxostat versus allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: a 28-week, phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Nov 15. 59(11):1540-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

180. Schumacher HR Jr, Becker MA, Lloyd E, MacDonald PA, Lademacher C. Febuxostat in the treatment of gout: 5-yr findings of the FOCUS efficacy and safety study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Feb. 48(2):188-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

181. Becker MA, Schumacher HR Jr, Wortmann RL, et al. Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 8. 353(23):2450-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

182. Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Espinoza LR, Wells AF, MacDonald P, Lloyd E, et al. The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010. 12(2):R63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

183. Jackson RL, Hunt B, MacDonald PA. The efficacy and safety of febuxostat for urate lowering in gout patients 65+ years of age. BMC Geriatr. 2012 Mar 21. 12:11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

184. Wells AF, MacDonald PA, Chefo S, Jackson RL. African American patients with gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat vs allopurinol. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012 Feb 9. 13:15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

185. Chohan S, Becker MA, MacDonald PA, Chefo S, Jackson RL. Women with gout: efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Feb. 64(2):256-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

186. Yamanaka H, Tamaki S, Ide Y, Kim H, Inoue K, Sugimoto M, et al. Stepwise dose increase of febuxostat is comparable with colchicine prophylaxis for the prevention of gout flares during the initial phase of urate-lowering therapy: results from FORTUNE-1, a prospective, multicentre randomised study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 Feb. 77 (2):270-276. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

187. White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, Borer JS, Gorelick PB, Whelton A, et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Patients with Gout. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 29. 378 (13):1200-1210. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

188. FDA adds Boxed Warning for increased risk of death with gout medicine Uloric (febuxostat). U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm631182.htm. February 21, 2019; Accessed: February 24, 2019.

189. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Krystexxa (pegloticase). European Medicines Agency. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002208/human_med_001591.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124. July 22, 2016; Accessed: March 27, 2023.

190. Botson J, Saag K, Peterson J, Parikh N, Ong S, La D, et al. A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Multicenter, Study Of Methotrexate Combined with Pegloticase in Patients with Uncontrolled Gout (abstract OP0171). Ann Rheum Dis. 2022. 81(Suppl 1):112-113. [Full Text].

191. Sundy JS, Baraf HS, Yood RA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2011 Aug 17. 306(7):711-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

192. Perez-Ruiz F, Sundy JS, Miner JN, Cravets M, Storgard C, RDEA594-203 Study Group. Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: results of a phase 2, randomised, double-blind study in patients with gout with an inadequate response to allopurinol. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jan 7. 7 (6):433-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

193. Two Gout Drugs Removed From Market. Arthritis Foundation. Available at http://blog.arthritis.org/news/two-gout-drugs-removed-market/. April 11, 2019; Accessed: January 10, 2023.

194. Huang HY, Appel LJ, Choi MJ, et al. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun. 52(6):1843-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

195. Kobylecki CJ, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically high plasma vitamin C and urate: a Mendelian randomization study in 106 147 individuals from the general population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Oct 1. 57 (10):1769-1776. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

196. Benzbromarone. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Library of Medicine; September 5, 2017. [Full Text].

197. Azevedo VF, Kos IA, Vargas-Santos AB, da Rocha Castelar Pinheiro G, Dos Santos Paiva E. Benzbromarone in the treatment of gout. Adv Rheumatol. 2019 Aug 7. 59 (1):37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

198. Yan F, Xue X, Lu J, Dalbeth N, Qi H, Yu Q, et al. Superiority of Low-Dose Benzbromarone to Low-Dose Febuxostat in a Prospective, Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial in Gout Patients With Renal Uric Acid Underexcretion. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Dec. 74 (12):2015-2023. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

199. Zhang J, Ji X, Dong Z, Lu J, Zhao Y, Li R, et al. Impact of fenofibrate therapy on serum uric acid concentrations: a review and meta-analysis. Endocr J. 2021 Jul 28. 68 (7):829-837. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

200. Yokose C, McCormick N, Choi HK. The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021 Jan 4. Publish Ahead of Print:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

201. Rai SK, Fung TT, Lu N, Keller SF, Curhan GC, Choi HK. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Western diet, and risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017 May 9. 357:j1794. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

202. [Guideline] Qaseem A, McLean RM, Starkey M, Forciea MA, Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Diagnosis of Acute Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Nov 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Bruce M Rothschild, MD Professor of Medicine, IU Health; Research Associate, Carnegie Museum

Bruce M Rothschild, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Rheumatology, International Skeletal Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Society of Skeletal Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark L Francis, MD Professor of Medical Education, Department of Medical Education, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center

Mark L Francis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Herbert S Diamond, MD Visiting Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital

Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anne V Miller, MD Chief, Rheumatology Division; Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

Anne V Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard W Allinson, MD Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center; Senior Staff Ophthalmologist, Scott and White Clinic

Richard W Allinson, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lawrence H Brent, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Chair, Program Director, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Lawrence H Brent, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Abbott Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Centocor Consulting fee Consulting; Genentech Grant/research funds Other; HGS/GSK Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Omnicare Consulting fee Consulting; Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Roche Speaking and teaching; Savient Honoraria Speaking and teaching; UCB Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Andrew A Dahl, MD Director of Ophthalmology Teaching, Mid-Hudson Family Practice Institute, The Institute for Family Health; Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine

Andrew A Dahl, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul E Di Cesare, MD, FACS Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopedic Sugery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine

Paul E Di Cesare, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Stryker Consulting fee Consulting

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, LeConte Medical Center

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gino A Farina, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center

Gino A Farina, MD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Harris Gellman, MD Consulting Surgeon, Broward Hand Center; Voluntary Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Surgery, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine

Harris Gellman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and Arkansas Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph Kaplan, MD, MS, FACEP Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Martin Army Community Hospital, Fort Benning

Joseph Kaplan, MD, MS, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jegan Krishnan, MBBS, FRACS, PhD Professor, Chair, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Flinders University of South Australia; Senior Clinical Director of Orthopedic Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital; Private Practice, Orthopaedics SA, Flinders Private Hospital

Jegan Krishnan, MBBS, FRACS, PhD, is a member of the following medical societies: Australian Medical Association, Australian Orthopaedic Association, and Royal Australasian College of Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward A Michelson, MD Associate Professor, Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Health Systems of Cleveland

Edward A Michelson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sriya K M Ranatunga, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hampton Roy Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

R Christopher Walton, MD Professor, Director of Uveitis and Ocular Inflammatory Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Assistant Dean for Graduate Medical Education, University of Tennessee College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Regional Medical Center, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital

R Christopher Walton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Healthcare Executives, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, and Retina Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article