Osteoarthritis Questions & Answers

1. Osteoarthritis Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm. July 27, 2020; Accessed: November 30, 2022.

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5. Recht MP, Kramer J, Marcelis S, Pathria MN, Trudell D, Haghighi P, et al. Abnormalities of articular cartilage in the knee: analysis of available MR techniques. Radiology. 1993 May. 187(2):473-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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9. Kraus VB, McDaniel G, Worrell TW, Feng S, Vail TP, Varju G, et al. Association of bone scintigraphic abnormalities with knee malalignment and pain. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Nov. 68(11):1673-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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18. Veys E, Verbruggen G. Evolution and prognosis of osteoarthritis. Reginster JY, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, et al, eds. Osteoarthritis. 1999. 312-3.

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20. Jewell FM, Watt I, Doherty M. Plain radiographic features of osteoarthritis. Brandt KD, Doherty M, Lohmander LS, eds. Osteoarthritis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998. 217-37.

21. Mankin HJ. The reaction of articular cartilage to injury and osteoarthritis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1974 Dec 12. 291(24):1285-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Miller EJ, Van der Korst JK, Sokoloff L. Collagen of human articular and costal cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 1969 Feb. 12(1):21-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Phadke K. Regulation of metabolism of the chondrocytes in articular cartilage--an hypothesis. J Rheumatol. 1983 Dec. 10(6):852-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Resnick D, Niwayama G. Degenerative disease of extraspinal locations. Resnick D, ed. Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. 3rd ed. 1995. 1263-1371.

25. Poole AR. An introduction to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Front Biosci. 1999 Oct 15. 4:D662-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. van Baarsen LG, Lebre MC, van der Coelen D, Aarrass S, Tang MW, Ramwadhdoebe TH. Heterogeneous expression pattern of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), IL-17F and their receptors in synovium of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis: possible explanation for nonresponse to anti-IL-17 therapy?. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014. 16(4):426. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Krasnokutsky S, Oshinsky C, Attur M, Ma S, Zhou H, Zheng F, et al. Serum Urate Levels Predict Joint Space Narrowing in Non-Gout Patients With Medial Knee Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017 Jun. 69 (6):1213-1220. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Hoff P, Buttgereit F, Burmester GR, Jakstadt M, Gaber T, Andreas K, et al. Osteoarthritis synovial fluid activates pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary human chondrocytes. Int Orthop. 2013 Jan. 37 (1):145-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Radin EL, Paul IL. Response of joints to impact loading. I. In vitro wear. Arthritis Rheum. 1971 May-Jun. 14(3):356-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Burkitt HG, Stevens A, Lowe JS. Skeletal system. Basic Histopathology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. 260.

31. Hamerman D. The biology of osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. 1989 May 18. 320(20):1322-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Hartmann C, De Buyser J, Henry Y, Morère-Le Paven MC, Dyer TA, Rode A. Nuclear genes control changes in the organization of the mitochondrial genome in tissue cultures derived from immature embryos of wheat. Curr Genet. 1992 May. 21(6):515-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Howell DS. Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Am J Med. 1986 Apr 28. 80(4B):24-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Bullough PG. The geometry of diarthrodial joints, its physiologic maintenance, and the possible significance of age-related changes in geometry-to-load distribution and the development of osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981 May. 61-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Aigner T, Rose J, Martin J, Buckwalter J. Aging theories of primary osteoarthritis: from epidemiology to molecular biology. Rejuvenation Res. 2004 Summer. 7(2):134-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. OUTERBRIDGE RE. The etiology of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1961 Nov. 43-B:752-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Zgoda M, Paczek L, Bartlomiejczyk I, Sieminska J, Chmielewski D, Górecki A. Age-related decrease in the activity of collagenase in the femoral head in patients with hip osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Feb. 26(2):240-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Reyes C, Leyland KM, Peat G, Cooper C, Arden NK, Prieto-Alhambra D. Association Between Overweight and Obesity and Risk of Clinically Diagnosed Knee, Hip, and Hand Osteoarthritis: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Aug. 68 (8):1869-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Naimark A, Walker AM, Meenan RF. Obesity and knee osteoarthritis. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Jul 1. 109(1):18-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Goulston LM, Kiran A, Javaid MK, et al. Does obesity predict knee pain over fourteen years in women, independently of radiographic changes?. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Oct. 63(10):1398-406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Hurley MV. The role of muscle weakness in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1999 May. 25(2):283-98, vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Felson DT. Risk factors for osteoarthritis: understanding joint vulnerability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Oct. S16-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Williams MF, London DA, Husni EM, Navaneethan S, Kashyap SR. Type 2 diabetes and osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Jul. 30(5):944-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Jeon OH, Kim C, Laberge RM, Demaria M, Rathod S, Vasserot AP, et al. Local clearance of senescent cells attenuates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and creates a pro-regenerative environment. Nat Med. 2017 Jun. 23 (6):775-781. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. de Boer TN, van Spil WE, Huisman AM, Polak AA, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP, et al. Serum adipokines in osteoarthritis; comparison with controls and relationship with local parameters of synovial inflammation and cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 Aug. 20(8):846-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Anderson DD, Chubinskaya S, Guilak F, Martin JA, Oegema TR, Olson SA, et al. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis: improved understanding and opportunities for early intervention. J Orthop Res. 2011 Jun. 29 (6):802-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Felson DT, Niu J, Gross KD, Englund M, Sharma L, Cooke TD, et al. Valgus malalignment is a risk factor for lateral knee osteoarthritis incidence and progression: Findings from MOST and the osteoarthritis initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Nov 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Valdes AM, Spector TD. Genetic epidemiology of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011 Jan. 7(1):23-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Felson DT. Developments in the clinical understanding of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009. 11(1):203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Pollard TC, Batra RN, Judge A, Watkins B, McNally EG, Gill HS, et al. Genetic predisposition to the presence and 5-year clinical progression of hip osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 May. 20(5):368-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Valdes AM, Spector TD. The clinical relevance of genetic susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Feb. 24(1):3-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Jeffries MA, Donica M, Baker LW, Stevenson ME, Annan AC, Humphrey MB. Genome-wide DNA methylation study identifies significant epigenomic changes in osteoarthritic cartilage. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Oct. 66(10):2804-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Chang SC, Hoang B, Thomas JT, Vukicevic S, Luyten FP, Ryba NJ, et al. Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins. New members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily predominantly expressed in long bones during human embryonic development. J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 11. 269(45):28227-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Lin K, Wang S, Julius MA, Kitajewski J, Moos M Jr, Luyten FP. The cysteine-rich frizzled domain of Frzb-1 is required and sufficient for modulation of Wnt signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Oct 14. 94(21):11196-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Chapman K, Takahashi A, Meulenbelt I, Watson C, Rodriguez-Lopez J, Egli R, et al. A meta-analysis of European and Asian cohorts reveals a global role of a functional SNP in the 5' UTR of GDF5 with osteoarthritis susceptibility. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 May 15. 17(10):1497-504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Bos SD, Slagboom PE, Meulenbelt I. New insights into osteoarthritis: early developmental features of an ageing-related disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008 Sep. 20(5):553-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Chapman K, Valdes AM. Genetic factors in OA pathogenesis. Bone. 2012 Aug. 51(2):258-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Pereira D, Peleteiro B, Araújo J, Branco J, Santos RA, Ramos E. The effect of osteoarthritis definition on prevalence and incidence estimates: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011 Nov. 19(11):1270-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. NSAIDs May Worsen Arthritis Inflammation. Radiological Society of North America. Available at https://press.rsna.org/timssnet/media/pressreleases/14_pr_target.cfm?id=2379. November 21, 2022; Accessed: November 30, 2022.

60. Jin Z, Wang D, Zhang H, Liang J, Feng X, Zhao J, et al. Incidence trend of five common musculoskeletal disorders from 1990 to 2017 at the global, regional and national level: results from the global burden of disease study 2017. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Aug. 79 (8):1014-1022. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Roberts J, Burch TA. Osteoarthritis prevalence in adults by age, sex, race, and geographic area. Vital Health Stat 11. 1966 Jun. 1-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Hoaglund FT, Yau AC, Wong WL. Osteoarthritis of the hip and other joints in southern Chinese in Hong Kong. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973 Apr. 55(3):545-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Felson DT. Comparing the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in China with the rest of the world. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008. 10(1):106. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Jordan JM, Helmick CG, Renner JB, Luta G, Dragomir AD, Woodard J, et al. Prevalence of knee symptoms and radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Rheumatol. 2007 Jan. 34(1):172-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Chapple CM, Nicholson H, Baxter GD, Abbott JH. Patient characteristics that predict progression of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review of prognostic studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Aug. 63(8):1115-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. [Guideline] Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Nov. 33(11):1601-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. [Guideline] Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 May. 34(5):505-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. [Guideline] Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, Bole G, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum. 1986 Aug. 29(8):1039-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Marshall M, Peat G, Nicholls E, van der Windt D, Myers H, Dziedzic K. Subsets of symptomatic hand osteoarthritis in community-dwelling older adults in the United Kingdom: prevalence, inter-relationships, risk factor profiles and clinical characteristics at baseline and 3-years. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Nov. 21(11):1674-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Brandt KD. A pessimistic view of serologic markers for diagnosis and management of osteoarthritis. Biochemical, immunologic and clinicopathologic barriers. J Rheumatol Suppl. 1989 Aug. 18:39-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Patra D, Sandell LJ. Recent advances in biomarkers in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011 Sep. 23(5):465-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. [Guideline] McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Arden NK, Berenbaum F, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014 Mar. 22 (3):363-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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74. Cui GH, Wang YY, Li CJ, Shi CH, Wang WS. Efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in treating patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2016 Nov. 12 (5):3390-3400. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

75. Kristjánsson B, Honsawek S. Current perspectives in mesenchymal stem cell therapies for osteoarthritis. Stem Cells Int. 2014. 2014:194318. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Pas HI, Winters M, Haisma HJ, Koenis MJ, Tol JL, Moen MH. Stem cell injections in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Aug. 51 (15):1125-1133. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Chahla J, Piuzzi NS, Mitchell JJ, Dean CS, Pascual-Garrido C, LaPrade RF, et al. Intra-Articular Cellular Therapy for Osteoarthritis and Focal Cartilage Defects of the Knee: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Study Quality Analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016 Sep 21. 98 (18):1511-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Zeng C, Dubreuil M, LaRochelle MR, Lu N, Wei J, Choi HK, et al. Association of Tramadol With All-Cause Mortality Among Patients With Osteoarthritis. JAMA. 2019 Mar 12. 321 (10):969-982. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Kelly JC. Tramadol Linked to Higher Mortality in Osteoarthritis. Medscape Medical News. March 12, 2019. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/910232.

80. Freeman S. Tramadol Mortality Risk in Osteoarthritis Could Outweigh Benefits. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/931904. June 8, 2020; Accessed: June 10, 2020.

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82. Kingsbury SR, Tharmanathan P, Keding A, Ronaldson SJ, Grainger A, Wakefield RJ, et al. Hydroxychloroquine Effectiveness in Reducing Symptoms of Hand Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Feb 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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84. Citrome L, Weiss-Citrome A. A systematic review of duloxetine for osteoarthritic pain: what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed?. Postgrad Med. 2012 Jan. 124(1):83-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Frakes EP, Risser RC, Ball TD, Hochberg MC, Wohlreich MM. Duloxetine added to oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of knee pain due to osteoarthritis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011 Dec. 27(12):2361-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Neustadt DH. Intra-articular therapy. Moskowitz RW, Howell DS, Altman RD, et al, eds. Osteoarthritis. 3rd ed. 2001. 393-409.

87. Lineker SC, Bell MJ, Boyle J, Badley EM, Flakstad L, Fleming J, et al. Implementing arthritis clinical practice guidelines in primary care. Med Teach. 2009 Mar. 31(3):230-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Godwin M, Dawes M. Intra-articular steroid injections for painful knees. Systematic review with meta-analysis. Can Fam Physician. 2004 Feb. 50:241-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

89. McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Harvey WF, Price LL, Driban JB, Zhang M, et al. Effect of Intra-articular Triamcinolone vs Saline on Knee Cartilage Volume and Pain in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 May 16. 317 (19):1967-1975. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Steroid Injections Worsen Knee Arthritis. Radiological Society of North America. Available at https://press.rsna.org/timssnet/media/pressreleases/14_pr_target.cfm?id=2386. November 29, 2022; Accessed: November 30, 2022.

91. Conaghan PG, Hunter DJ, Cohen SB, Kraus VB, Berenbaum F, Lieberman JR, et al. Effects of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of a Microsphere Formulation of Triamcinolone Acetonide on Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multinational Study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 Apr 18. 100 (8):666-677. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

92. Lambert RG, Hutchings EJ, Grace MG, Jhangri GS, Conner-Spady B, Maksymowych WP. Steroid injection for osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Jul. 56(7):2278-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Martin CL, Browne JA. Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injections for Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: What the Orthopaedic Provider Needs to Know. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019 Sep 1. 27 (17):e758-e766. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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95. Stitik TP, Levy JA. Viscosupplementation (biosupplementation) for osteoarthritis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Nov. 85(11 Suppl):S32-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Bellamy N, Campbell J, Robinson V, Gee T, Bourne R, Wells G. Viscosupplementation for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19. CD005321. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Goldberg VM, Buckwalter JA. Hyaluronans in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: evidence for disease-modifying activity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005 Mar. 13(3):216-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Altman RD, Moskowitz R. Intraarticular sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Hyalgan Study Group. J Rheumatol. 1998 Nov. 25(11):2203-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Stitik TP, Blacksin MF, Stiskal DM, Kim JH, Foye PM, Schoenherr L, et al. Efficacy and safety of hyaluronan treatment in combination therapy with home exercise for knee osteoarthritis pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 Feb. 88(2):135-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Waddell DD, Kolomytkin OV, Dunn S, Marino AA. Hyaluronan suppresses IL-1beta-induced metalloproteinase activity from synovial tissue. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Dec. 465:241-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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103. Yaradilmis CYU, Demirkale I, Tagral AS, Okkaoglu MC, Ates A, Altay M. Comparison of two platelet rich plasma formulations with viscosupplementation in treatment of moderate grade gonarthrosis: A prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of Orthopedics. January 28, 2020. 20:240-246. [Full Text].

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105. Rabago D, Patterson JJ, Mundt M, Kijowski R, Grettie J, Segal NA, et al. Dextrose prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med. 2013 May-Jun. 11(3):229-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

106. Sawitzke AD, Shi H, Finco MF, Dunlop DD, Bingham CO 3rd, Harris CL, et al. The effect of glucosamine and/or chondroitin sulfate on the progression of knee osteoarthritis: a report from the glucosamine/chondroitin arthritis intervention trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Oct. 58(10):3183-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

107. Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, et al. Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 23. 354(8):795-808. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Rutjes AW, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S, Jüni P. S-Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7. CD007321. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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113. Schnitzer TJ, Easton R, Pang S, Levinson DJ, Pixton G, Viktrup L, et al. Effect of Tanezumab on Joint Pain, Physical Function, and Patient Global Assessment of Osteoarthritis Among Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 2. 322 (1):37-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

114. Berenbaum F, Blanco FJ, Guermazi A, Miki K, Yamabe T, Viktrup L, et al. Subcutaneous tanezumab for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: efficacy and safety results from a 24-week randomised phase III study with a 24-week follow-up period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jun. 79 (6):800-810. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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116. Perrot S, Poiraudeau S, Kabir M, Bertin P, Sichere P, Serrie A, et al. Active or passive pain coping strategies in hip and knee osteoarthritis? Results of a national survey of 4,719 patients in a primary care setting. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Nov 15. 59(11):1555-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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118. Anandacoomarasamy A, Leibman S, Smith G, et al. Weight loss in obese people has structure-modifying effects on medial but not on lateral knee articular cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jan. 71(1):26-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Carlos J Lozada, MD Director of Rheumatology Fellowship Training Program, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine

Carlos J Lozada, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Pfizer for consulting; Received grant/research funds from AbbVie for other; Received honoraria from Heel for consulting.

Schartess S Culpepper Pace, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine

Schartess S Culpepper Pace, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Herbert S Diamond, MD Visiting Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital

Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Samuel Agnew, MD, FACS Associate Professor, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Surgery, Chief of Orthopedic Trauma, University of Florida at Jacksonville College of Medicine; Consulting Surgeon, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, McLeod Regional Medical Center

Samuel Agnew, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, American College of Surgeons, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, and Southern Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Elliot Goldberg, MD Dean of the Western Pennsylvania Clinical Campus, Professor, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine

Elliot Goldberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Siriporn Janchai, MD Fellow, Department of Medicine, Section of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Louisiana State University Health Science Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Monroe Laborde, MD, MS Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Tulane Medical School; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Louisiana State University Medical School

James Monroe Laborde, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Phillip J Marone, MD, MSPH Clinical Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College

Phillip J Marone, MD, MSPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Philadelphia County Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Furqan H Siddiqui, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine (Research), Louisiana State University Medical Center in New Orleans

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eli Steigelfest, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Rheumatology, The Consultant Group, PC

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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