Reactive Arthritis Questions & Answers

1. Cheeti A, Chakraborty RK, Ramphul K. Reactive Arthritis. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Saricaoglu EM, Hasanoglu I, Guner R. The first reactive arthritis case associated with COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020 Jul 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Liew IY, Mak TM, Cui L, Vasoo S, Lim XR. A Case of Reactive Arthritis Secondary to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection. J Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Sep. 26 (6):233. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Yokogawa N, Minematsu N, Katano H, Suzuki T. Case of acute arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jun 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. López-González MD, Peral-Garrido ML, Calabuig I, Tovar-Sugrañes E, Jovani V, Bernabeu P, et al. Case series of acute arthritis during COVID-19 admission. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 May 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Bekaryssova D, Yessirkepov M, Zimba O, Gasparyan AY, Ahmed S. Reactive arthritis before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Rheumatol. 2022 Jun. 41 (6):1641-1652. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Schmitt SK. Reactive Arthritis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017 Mar 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. García-Kutzbach A, Chacón-Súchite J, García-Ferrer H, Iraheta I. Reactive arthritis: update 2018. Clin Rheumatol. 2018 Apr. 37 (4):869-874. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Reiter H. Ueber cine bisher unbekannte spirochaeten-infektion (spirochaetosis arthritica). Dtsche Med Wschr. 1916. 42:1535-6.

10. Lu DW, Katz KA. Declining use of the eponym "Reiter's syndrome" in the medical literature, 1998-2003. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Oct. 53(4):720-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Panush RS, Wallace DJ, Dorff RE, Engleman EP. Retraction of the suggestion to use the term "Reiter's syndrome" sixty-five years later: the legacy of Reiter, a war criminal, should not be eponymic honor but rather condemnation. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb. 56 (2):693-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Kataria RK, Brent LH. Spondyloarthropathies. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Jun 15. 69(12):2853-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Kaarela K, Jäntti JK, Kotaniemi KM. Similarity between chronic reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.A 32-35-year follow-up study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009 Mar-Apr. 27(2):325-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Mahmood A, Ackerman AB. Reiter’s syndrome is psoriasis!. Dermatopathol Pract Concept. 2000. 6:337-339.

15. Braun J, Laitko S, Treharne J, Eggens U, Wu P, Distler A, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae--a new causative agent of reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Feb. 53(2):100-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Carter JD, Hudson AP. Reactive arthritis: clinical aspects and medical management. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2009 Feb. 35(1):21-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Garg AX, Pope JE, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Clark WF, Ouimet J. Arthritis risk after acute bacterial gastroenteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Feb. 47(2):200-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Savolainen E, Kettunen A, Närvänen A, Kautiainen H, Kärkkäinen U, Luosujärvi R, et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis and incidence of C. trachomatis-induced reactive arthritis in an early arthritis series in Finland in 2000. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009. 38(5):353-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Sun HS, Liu DX, Bai YY, Hu NW. Disease-association of different killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and HLA-C gene combinations in reactive arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2018 Jul 23. 1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Singh AK, Misra R, Aggarwal A. Th-17 associated cytokines in patients with reactive arthritis/undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. Clin Rheumatol. 2011 Jun. 30(6):771-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Shen H, Goodall JC, Gaston JS. Frequency and phenotype of T helper 17 cells in peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with reactive arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010 Oct. 37(10):2096-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Eliçabe RJ, Cargnelutti E, Serer MI, Stege PW, Valdez SR, Toscano MA, et al. Lack of TNFR p55 results in heightened expression of IFN-? and IL-17 during the development of reactive arthritis. J Immunol. 2010 Oct 1. 185(7):4485-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Pöllänen R, Sillat T, Pajarinen J, Levón J, Kaivosoja E, Konttinen YT. Microbial antigens mediate HLA-B27 diseases via TLRs. J Autoimmun. 2009 May-Jun. 32(3-4):172-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Inman RD. Innate immunity of spondyloarthritis: the role of toll-like receptors. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2009. 649:300-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Lauhio A, Leirisalo-Repo M, Lähdevirta J, Saikku P, Repo H. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of three-month treatment with lymecycline in reactive arthritis, with special reference to Chlamydia arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Jan. 34(1):6-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Carter JD, Valeriano J, Vasey FB. Doxycycline versus doxycycline and rifampin in undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy, with special reference to chlamydia-induced arthritis. A prospective, randomized 9-month comparison. J Rheumatol. 2004 Oct. 31(10):1973-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Alvarez-Navarro C, Cragnolini JJ, Dos Santos HG, Barnea E, Admon A, Morreale A, et al. Novel HLA-B27-restricted epitopes from Chlamydia trachomatis generated upon endogenous processing of bacterial proteins suggest a role of molecular mimicry in reactive arthritis. J Biol Chem. 2013 Sep 6. 288(36):25810-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Sahlberg AS, Granfors K, Penttinen MA. HLA-B27 and host-pathogen interaction. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2009. 649:235-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Carter JD, Hudson AP. Recent advances and future directions in understanding and treating Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016 Sep 20. 1-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. El Karoui K, Méchaï F, Ribadeau-Dumas F, Viard JP, Lecuit M, de Barbeyrac B, et al. Reactive arthritis associated with L2b lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis. Sex Transm Infect. 2009 Jun. 85(3):180-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Foschi C, Banzola N, Gaspari V, D'Antuono A, Cevenini R, Marangoni A. A Case of Reactive Arthritis Associated With Lymphogranuloma Venereum Infection in a Woman. Sex Transm Dis. 2016 Sep. 43 (9):584-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Dworkin MS, Shoemaker PC, Goldoft MJ, Kobayashi JM. Reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome following an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Oct 1. 33(7):1010-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Arnedo-Pena A, Beltrán-Fabregat J, Vila-Pastor B, Tirado-Balaguer MD, Herrero-Carot C, Bellido-Blasco JB, et al. Reactive arthritis and other musculoskeletal sequelae following an outbreak of Salmonella hadar in Castellon, Spain. J Rheumatol. 2010 Aug 1. 37(8):1735-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Kroot EJ, Hazes JM, Colin EM, Dolhain RJ. Poncet's disease: reactive arthritis accompanying tuberculosis. Two case reports and a review of the literature. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Mar. 46(3):484-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Connor BA, Johnson EJ, Soave R. Reiter syndrome following protracted symptoms of Cyclospora infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001 May-Jun. 7(3):453-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Townes JM. Reactive arthritis after enteric infections in the United States: the problem of definition. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 15. 50(2):247-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Mahdavi J, Motavallihaghi S, Ghasemikhah R. Evaluation of clinical and paraclinical findings in patients with reactive arthritis caused by giardiasis: A systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2022 Sep 11. 57:152094. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Zeidler H, Hudson AP. Quo vadis reactive arthritis?. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2022 Jul 1. 34 (4):218-224. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. van Bemmel JM, Delgado V, Holman ER, Allaart CF, Huizinga TW, Bax JJ, et al. No increased risk of valvular heart disease in adult poststreptococcal reactive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Apr. 60(4):987-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Kousa M, Saikku P, Richmond S, Lassus A. Frequent association of chlamydial infection with Reiter's syndrome. Sex Transm Dis. 1978 Apr-Jun. 5(2):57-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Berlau J, Junker U, Groh A, Straube E. In situ hybridisation and direct fluorescence antibodies for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in synovial tissue from patients with reactive arthritis. J Clin Pathol. 1998 Nov. 51(11):803-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Carter JD, Hudson AP. The evolving story of Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010 Jul. 22(4):424-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Siala M, Mahfoudh N, Fourati H, Gdoura R, Younes M, Kammoun A, et al. MHC class I and class II genes in Tunisian patients with reactive and undifferentiated arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009 Mar-Apr. 27(2):208-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Pope JE, Krizova A, Garg AX, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Ouimet JM. Campylobacter reactive arthritis: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Aug. 37(1):48-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Mortensen NP, Kuijf ML, Ang CW, Schiellerup P, Krogfelt KA, Jacobs BC, et al. Sialylation of Campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides is associated with severe gastro-enteritis and reactive arthritis. Microbes Infect. 2009 Oct. 11(12):988-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. van der Helm-van Mil AH. Acute rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal reactive arthritis reconsidered. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010 Jul. 22(4):437-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Sarakbi HA, Hammoudeh M, Kanjar I, Al-Emadi S, Mahdy S, Siam A. Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis and the association with tendonitis, tenosynovitis, and enthesitis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Jan. 16(1):3-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Kobayashi S, Ichikawa G. Reactive arthritis induced by tonsillitis: a type of 'focal infection'. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2011. 72:79-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Garg S, Malaviya AN, Kapoor S, Rawat R, Agarwal D, Sharma A. Acute inflammatory ankle arthritis in northern India--Löfgren's syndrome or Poncet's disease?. J Assoc Physicians India. 2011 Feb. 59:87-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Ideguchi H, Ohno S, Takase K, Tsukahara T, Kaneko T, Ishigatsubo Y. A case of Poncet's disease (tuberculous rheumatism). Rheumatol Int. 2009 Jul. 29(9):1097-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Rueda JC, Crepy MF, Mantilla RD. Clinical features of Poncet's disease. From the description of 198 cases found in the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2013 Jul. 32(7):929-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Prati C, Bertolini E, Toussirot E, Wendling D. Reactive arthritis due to Clostridium difficile. Joint Bone Spine. 2010 Mar. 77(2):190-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Durand CL, Miller PF. Severe Clostridium difficile colitis and reactive arthritis in a ten-year-old child. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Aug. 28(8):750-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Macía Villa C, Sifuentes Giraldo W, Boteanu A, González Lanza M, Bachiller Corral J. Reactive arthritis after the intravesical instillation of BCG. Reumatol Clin. 2012 Sep-Oct. 8(5):284-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Yoshimura H, Okano T, Inui K, Nakamura H. Ultrasonographic findings in a patient with reactive arthritis induced by intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer. J Med Ultrason (2001). 2018 Jul 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Bernini L, Manzini CU, Giuggioli D, Sebastiani M, Ferri C. Reactive arthritis induced by intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer: our clinical experience and systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2013 Oct. 12(12):1150-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Sahin N, Salli A, Enginar AU, Ugurlu H. Reactive arthritis following tetanus vaccination: a case report. Mod Rheumatol. 2009. 19(2):209-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Aksu K, Keser G, Doganavsargil E. Reactive arthritis following tetanus and rabies vaccinations. Rheumatol Int. 2006 Dec. 27(2):209-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Kim PS, Klausmeier TL, Orr DP. Reactive arthritis: a review. J Adolesc Health. 2009 Apr. 44(4):309-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Rihl M, Barthel C, Klos A, Schmidt RE, Tak PP, Zeidler H, et al. Identification of candidate genes for susceptibility to reactive arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Oct. 29(12):1519-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Thielen AM, Barde C, Janer V, Borradori L, Saurat JH. Reiter syndrome triggered by adalimumab (Humira) and leflunomide (Arava) in a patient with ankylosing spondylarthropathy and Crohn disease. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Jan. 156(1):188-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Braun J, Kingsley G, van der Heijde D, Sieper J. On the difficulties of establishing a consensus on the definition of and diagnostic investigations for reactive arthritis. Results and discussion of a questionnaire prepared for the 4th International Workshop on Reactive Arthritis, Berlin, Germany, July 3-6, 1999. J Rheumatol. 2000 Sep. 27(9):2185-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Rohekar S, Pope J. Epidemiologic approaches to infection and immunity: the case of reactive arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009 Jul. 21(4):386-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Carter JD, Espinoza LR, Inman RD, Sneed KB, Ricca LR, Vasey FB, et al. Combination antibiotics as a treatment for chronic Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 May. 62(5):1298-307. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

65. Townes JM, Deodhar AA, Laine ES, Smith K, Krug HE, Barkhuizen A, et al. Reactive arthritis following culture-confirmed infections with bacterial enteric pathogens in Minnesota and Oregon: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Dec. 67(12):1689-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Burgos-Vargas R. Ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis in the developing world. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Aug. 22(4):709-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Hanova P, Pavelka K, Holcatova I, Pikhart H. Incidence and prevalence of psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and reactive arthritis in the first descriptive population-based study in the Czech Republic. Scand J Rheumatol. 2010 Aug. 39(4):310-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Lahu A, Backa T, Ismaili J, Lahu V, Saiti V. Modes of presentation of reactive arthritis based on the affected joints. Med Arch. 2015 Feb. 69 (1):42-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Wechalekar MD, Rischmueller M, Whittle S, Burnet S, Hill CL. Prolonged remission of chronic reactive arthritis treated with three infusions of infliximab. J Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Mar. 16(2):79-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Amor B, Santos RS, Nahal R, Listrat V, Dougados M. Predictive factors for the longterm outcome of spondyloarthropathies. J Rheumatol. 1994 Oct. 21(10):1883-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Wu IB, Schwartz RA. Reiter's syndrome: the classic triad and more. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Jul. 59(1):113-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Kanwar AJ, Mahajan R. Reactive arthritis in India: a dermatologists' perspective. J Cutan Med Surg. 2013 May-Jun. 17(3):180-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Ngaruiya CM, Martin IB. A case of reactive arthritis: a great masquerader. Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Jan. 31(1):266.e5-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Kober C, Richardson D, Bell C, Walker-Bone K. Acute seronegative polyarthritis associated with lymphogranuloma venereum infection in a patient with prevalent HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2011 Jan. 22(1):59-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Lin RY. Reiter's syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Dermatologica. 1988. 176(1):39-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Romaní J, Puig L, Baselga E, De Moragas JM. Reiter's syndrome-like pattern in AIDS-associated psoriasiform dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 1996 Jul. 35(7):484-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Sieper J. Developments in the scientific and clinical understanding of the spondyloarthritides. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009. 11(1):208. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

78. Mansour AM, Jaroudi MO, Medawar WA, Tabbarah ZA. Bilateral multifocal posterior pole lesions in Reiter syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Apr 9. 2013:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Kozeis N, Trachana M, Tyradellis S. Keratitis in reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome) in childhood. Cornea. 2011 Aug. 30(8):924-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Madge SN, James C, Selva D. Bilateral dacryoadenitis: a new addition to the spectrum of reactive arthritis?. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Mar-Apr. 25(2):152-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Arora S, Arora G. Reiter's disease in a six-year-old girl. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2005 Jul-Aug. 71(4):285-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Birnbaum J, Bartlett JG, Gelber AC. Clostridium difficile: an under-recognized cause of reactive arthritis?. Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Feb. 27(2):253-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Satko SG, Iskandar SS, Appel RG. IgA nephropathy and Reiter's syndrome. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Nephron. 2000 Feb. 84(2):177-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Manoj E, Ragunathan M. Disease flare of ankylosing spondylitis presenting as reactive arthritis with seropositivity: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012 Feb 14. 6(1):60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

85. da Silva Carneiro SC, Pirmez R, de Hollanda TR, Cuzzi T, Ramos-E-Silva M. Syphilis mimicking other dermatological diseases: reactive arthritis and mucha-habermann disease. Case Rep Dermatol. 2013 Jan. 5(1):15-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

86. Kuipers JG, Sibilia J, Bas S, Gaston H, Granfors K, Vischer TL, et al. Reactive and undifferentiated arthritis in North Africa: use of PCR for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Jan. 28(1):11-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. [Guideline] LeFevre ML, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Chlamydia and gonorrhea: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Dec 16. 161 (12):902-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Shimamoto Y, Sugiyama H, Hirohata S. Reiter's syndrome associated with HLA-B51. Intern Med. 2000 Feb. 39(2):182-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Kim SH, Chung SK, Bahk YW, Park YH, Lee SY, Sohn HS. Whole-body and pinhole bone scintigraphic manifestations of Reiter's syndrome: distribution patterns and early and characteristic signs. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999 Feb. 26(2):163-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Taniguchi Y, Kumon Y, Nakayama S, Arii K, Ohnishi T, Ogawa Y, et al. F-18 FDG PET/CT provides the earliest findings of enthesitis in reactive arthritis. Clin Nucl Med. 2011 Feb. 36(2):121-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Thomas KN, Jain N, Mohindra N, Misra D, Agarwal V, Gupta L. MRI and Sonography of the Knee in Acute Reactive Arthritis: An Observational Cohort Study. J Clin Rheumatol. 2022 Mar 1. 28 (2):e511-e516. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Simonini G, Taddio A, Cimaz R. No evidence yet to change American Heart Association recommendations for poststreptococcal reactive arthritis: comment on the article by van Bemmel et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Nov. 60(11):3516-8; author reply 3518-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Moorthy LN, Gaur S, Peterson MG, Landa YF, Tandon M, Lehman TJ. Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis in children: a retrospective study. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009 Mar. 48(2):174-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Siala M, Gdoura R, Younes M, Fourati H, Cheour I, Meddeb N, et al. Detection and frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in synovial samples from Tunisian patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009 Mar. 55(2):178-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Rihl M, Kuipers JG. [Reactive arthritis: from pathogenesis to novel strategies]. Z Rheumatol. 2010 Dec. 69(10):864-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Scott C, Brand A, Natha M. Reactive arthritis responding to antiretroviral therapy in an HIV-1-infected individual. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 May. 23(5):373-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Bentaleb I, Abdelghani KB, Rostom S, Amine B, Laatar A, Bahiri R. Reactive Arthritis: Update. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2020 Sep 26. 32 (8):1-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

98. Nanke Y, Yago T, Kobashigawa T, Kotake S. Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of a HLA-B27-positive Japanease patient with reactive arthritis. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2010. 33(5):283-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Li CW, Ma JJ, Yin J, Liu L, Hu J. [Reiter's syndrome in children: a clinical analysis of 22 cases]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Mar. 48(3):212-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Schafranski MD. Infliximab for reactive arthritis secondary to Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Rheumatol Int. 2010 Mar. 30(5):679-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Courcoul A, Muis Pistor O, Tebib JG, Coury F. Early treatment of reactive arthritis with etanercept and 2 years follow-up. Joint Bone Spine. 2016 Jun 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Gill H, Majithia V. Successful use of infliximab in the treatment of Reiter's syndrome: a case report and discussion. Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Jan. 27(1):121-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Kiss S, Letko E, Qamruddin S, Baltatzis S, Foster CS. Long-term progression, prognosis, and treatment of patients with recurrent ocular manifestations of Reiter's syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2003 Sep. 110(9):1764-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Maugars Y, Mathis C, Vilon P, Prost A. Corticosteroid injection of the sacroiliac joint in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 1992 May. 35(5):564-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Kvien TK, Gaston JS, Bardin T, Butrimiene I, Dijkmans BA, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. Three month treatment of reactive arthritis with azithromycin: a EULAR double blind, placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Sep. 63(9):1113-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

106. Carter JD et al. Combination Antibiotics as a Treatment for Chronic Chlamydia-Induced Reactive Arthritis. Philadelphia PA. (abstract 1152).: ACR/ARHP Annual Scientific Meeting; October 19, 2009.

107. Yli-Kerttula T, Luukkainen R, Yli-Kerttula U, Möttönen T, Hakola M, Korpela M, et al. Effect of a three month course of ciprofloxacin on the late prognosis of reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Sep. 62(9):880-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

108. Barber CE, Kim J, Inman RD, Esdaile JM, James MT. Antibiotics for treatment of reactive arthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Rheumatol. 2013 Jun. 40(6):916-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Weisman MH, Cush JJ, Vasey FB, Schumacher HR Jr, et al. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome). A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Dec. 39(12):2021-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Calin A. A placebo controlled, crossover study of azathioprine in Reiter's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 Aug. 45(8):653-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

111. Bravo G, Zazueta B, Lavalle C. An acute remission of Reiter's syndrome in male patients treated with bromocriptine. J Rheumatol. 1992 May. 19(5):747-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Abdelmoula LC, Yahia CB, Testouri N, Tekaya R, Ben M'barek R, Chaabouni L, et al. [Treatment of reactive arthritis with infliximab]. Tunis Med. 2008 Dec. 86(12):1095-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Meyer A, Chatelus E, Wendling D, Berthelot JM, Dernis E, Houvenagel E, et al. Safety and efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor a therapy in ten patients with recent-onset refractory reactive arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 May. 63(5):1274-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Tanaka T, Kuwahara Y, Shima Y, Hirano T, Kawai M, Ogawa M, et al. Successful treatment of reactive arthritis with a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Dec 15. 61(12):1762-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Padhan P, Maikap D. Secukinumab therapy in reactive arthritis: Report of two cases. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2022 Jan 7. 6 (1):22-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Carlos J Lozada, MD Director of Rheumatology Fellowship Training Program, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine

Carlos J Lozada, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Pfizer for consulting; Received grant/research funds from AbbVie for other; Received honoraria from Heel for consulting.

Maria F Carpintero, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division Rheumatology/Immunology, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine

Maria F Carpintero, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head of Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, New York Academy of Medicine, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Herbert S Diamond, MD Visiting Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital

Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mounir Bashour, MD, CM, FRCS(C), PhD, FACS Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, McGill University; Clinical Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Sherbrooke University; Medical Director, Cornea Laser and Lasik MD

Mounir Bashour, MD, CM, FRCS(C), PhD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American College of International Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Biomedical Engineering Society, Canadian Medical Association,Canadian Ophthalmological Society, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, International College of Surgeons US Section, Ontario Medical Association, Quebec Medical Association, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Igor Boyarsky, DO Emergency Room Physician, Kaiser Permanente Southern California

Igor Boyarsky, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and American Osteopathic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Bo Burns, DO, FACEP, FAAEM Assistant Professor, Associate Residency Director, Medical Clerkship Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine

Bo Burns, DO, FACEP, FAAEM, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gino A Farina, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center

Gino A Farina, MD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Elliot Goldberg, MD Dean of the Western Pennsylvania Clinical Campus, Professor, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine

Elliot Goldberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lawrence K Jung, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's National Medical Center

Lawrence K Jung, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology Society, and New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Clinical Professor of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey Meffert, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Dermatology, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio

Jeffrey Meffert, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Texas Dermatological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry L Myones, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Pediatric Rheumatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine; Director of Research, Pediatric Rheumatology Center, Texas Children's Hospital

Barry L Myones, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Rheumatology, American Heart Association, American Society for Microbiology, Clinical Immunology Society, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health System

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, Medical Society of Delaware, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lluís Puig, MD, PhD Program Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Hospital De La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma De Barcelona

Lluís Puig, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, and International Society of Dermatopathology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jorge Romaní, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Hospital De Palamós Faculty of Medicine, Spain

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hampton Roy Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nima Sarani, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oklahoma University College of Medicine

Nima Sarani, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Congress of Neurological Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas Scoggins, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Blount Memorial Hospital

Thomas Scoggins, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Flying Physicians Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John D Sheppard Jr, MD, MMSc Professor of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Clinical Director, Thomas R Lee Center for Ocular Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Residency Research Program Director, Eastern Virginia Medical School; President, Virginia Eye Consultants

John D Sheppard Jr, MD, MMSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Uveitis Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David D Sherry, MD Director, Clinical Rheumatology, Attending Physician, Pain Management, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

David D Sherry, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Rheumatology and American Pain Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dana A Stearns, MD Assistant Director of Undergraduate Education, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School

Dana A Stearns, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Akaluck Thatayatikom, MD Associate Professor and Chief, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine

Akaluck Thatayatikom, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Rheumatology, Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance, and Clinical Immunology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robin Travers, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), Dartmouth University School of Medicine; Staff Dermatologist, New England Baptist Hospital; Private Practice, SkinCare Physicians

Robin Travers, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Informatics Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Dermatology Society, and Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

R Christopher Walton, MD Professor, Director of Uveitis and Ocular Inflammatory Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine

R Christopher Walton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Healthcare Executives, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, and Retina Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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