Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Sep. 62(9):2569-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. [Guideline] Anderson J, Caplan L, Yazdany J, et al, for the American College of Rheumatology. Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity measures: American College of Rheumatology Recommendations for use in clinical practice. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012. 64:640-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. [Guideline] Felson DT, Smolen JS, Wells G, Zhang B, van Tuyl LH, et al. American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism provisional definition of remission in rheumatoid arthritis for clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Mar. 63 (3):573-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. [Guideline] Singh JA, Saag KG, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. https://read.qxmd.com/doi/10.1002/art.39480 (2015). Arthritis Care and Research. 2015. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. [Guideline] Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bijlsma JWJ, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan 22. 73(3):492-509. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Donahue KE, Jonas DE, Hansen RA, Roubey R, Jonas B, Lux LJ, et al. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Choosing Medications for Rheumatoid Arthritis. 2012 Apr. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Kelly JC. Rheumatoid arthritis: Updated recommendations released. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/845495. May 28, 2015; Accessed: June 30, 2015.

8. [Guideline] Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR, Bykerk V, Dougados M, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 May 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Paul BJ, Kandy HI, Krishnan V. Pre-rheumatoid arthritis and its prevention. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Jun. 4 (2):161-165. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Deane KD, Holers VM. Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis, Prediction, and Prevention: An Emerging Paradigm Shift. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Feb. 73 (2):181-193. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Barton A, Worthington J. Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: an emerging picture. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Oct 15. 61(10):1441-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, et al. A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Aug. 75(2):330-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Potter C, Eyre S, Cope A, Worthington J, Barton A. Investigation of association between the TRAF family genes and RA susceptibility. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Oct. 66(10):1322-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Padyukov L. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol. 2022 Jan 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Prakken B, Albani S, Martini A. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Lancet. 2011 Jun. 377(9783):2138-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Hinks A, Ke X, Barton A, Eyre S, Bowes J, Worthington J. Association of the IL2RA/CD25 gene with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jan. 60(1):251-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Ahlmen M, Svensson B, Albertsson K, Forslind K, Hafstrom I. Influence of gender on assessments of disease activity and function in early rheumatoid arthritis in relation to radiographic joint damage. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jan. 69(1):230-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Areskoug-Josefsson K, Oberg U. A literature review of the sexual health of women with rheumatoid arthritis. Musculoskeletal Care. 2009 Dec. 7(4):219-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Martin-Trujillo A, van Rietschoten JG, Timmer TC, et al. Loss of imprinting of IGF2 characterises high IGF2 mRNA-expressing type of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jun. 69(6):1239-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Zhou X, Chen W, Swartz MD, et al. Joint linkage and imprinting analyses of GAW15 rheumatoid arthritis and gene expression data. BMC Proc. 2007. 1 Suppl 1:S53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Barlow DP. Genomic imprinting: a mammalian epigenetic discovery model. Annu Rev Genet. 2011. 45:379-403. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Banko A, Miljanovic D, Lazarevic I, Jeremic I, Despotovic A, Grk M, et al. New Evidence of Significant Association between EBV Presence and Lymphoproliferative Disorders Susceptibility in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Viruses. 2022 Jan 10. 14 (1):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Hitchon CA, Chandad F, Ferucci ED, et al. Antibodies to porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with anticitrullinated protein antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their relatives. J Rheumatol. 2010 Jun. 37(6):1105-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Routsias JG, Goules JD, Goules A, Charalampakis G, Pikazis D. Autopathogenic correlation of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 Jul. 50(7):1189-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Barrett JH, Brennan P, Fiddler M, Silman AJ. Does rheumatoid arthritis remit during pregnancy and relapse postpartum? Results from a nationwide study in the United Kingdom performed prospectively from late pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jun. 42(6):1219-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Carlens C, Hergens MP, Grunewald J, et al. Smoking, use of moist snuff, and risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Jun 1. 181(11):1217-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Hahn J, Malspeis S, Choi MY, Stevens E, Karlson EW, Lu B, et al. Association of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and the Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis among Women. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022 Jan 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Schmajuk G, Trupin L, Yelin EH, Blanc PD. Dusty trades and associated rheumatoid arthritis in a population-based study in the coal mining counties of Appalachia. Occup Environ Med. 2022 Jan 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Kerola AM, Rollefstad S, Kazemi A, Wibetoe G, Sexton J, Mars N, et al. Psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in Norway: nationwide prevalence and use of biologic agents. Scand J Rheumatol. 2022 Jan 11. 1-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Jorgensen KT, Pedersen BV, Jacobsen S, Biggar RJ, Frisch M. National cohort study of reproductive risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis in Denmark: a role for hyperemesis, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia?. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Feb. 69(2):358-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Guthrie KA, Dugowson CE, Voigt LF, Koepsell TD, Nelson JL. Does pregnancy provide vaccine-like protection against rheumatoid arthritis?. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Jul. 62(7):1842-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Shah A, St. Clair EW. Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, Eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2016.

33. Gremese E, Salaffi F, Bosello SL, et al. Very early rheumatoid arthritis as a predictor of remission: a multicentre real life prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jun. 72(6):858-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Cohen MD, et al. Factors associated with radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with methotrexate. J Rheumatol. 2011 Feb. 38(2):242-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Agrawal S, Misra R, Aggarwal A. Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: association with severity of disease in established RA. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Feb. 26(2):201-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Vencovsky J, Machacek S, Sedova L, et al. Autoantibodies can be prognostic markers of an erosive disease in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 May. 62(5):427-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Sokka T, Kautiainen H, Mottonen T, Hannonen P. Work disability in rheumatoid arthritis 10 years after the diagnosis. J Rheumatol. 1999 Aug. 26(8):1681-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Mollard E, Pedro S, Chakravarty E, Clowse M, Schumacher R, Michaud K. The impact of menopause on functional status in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 29 January 2018. [Full Text].

39. Restivo V, Candiloro S, Daidone M, Norrito R, Cataldi M, Minutolo G, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular risk in rheumatological disease: Symptomatic and non-symptomatic events in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2022 Jan. 21 (1):102925. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke in rheumatoid arthritis: Danish nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2012. 344:e1257. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Hawley DJ. Psycho-educational interventions in the treatment of arthritis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1995 Nov. 9(4):803-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Tucker M, Kirwan JR. Does patient education in rheumatoid arthritis have therapeutic potential?. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 Jun. 50 suppl 3:422-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Thompson A. Practical aspects of therapeutic intervention in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2009 Jun. 82:39-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Komano Y, Harigai M, Koike R, Sugiyama H, Ogawa J, Saito K. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab: a retrospective review and case-control study of 21 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Mar 15. 61(3):305-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO 3rd. 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Sep. 69(9):1580-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Radner H, Neogi T, Smolen JS, Aletaha D. Performance of the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Jan. 73 (1):114-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Katchamart W, Johnson S, Lin HJ, Phumethum V, Salliot C, Bombardier C. Predictors for remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010 Aug. 62(8):1128-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Varache S, Narbonne V, Jousse-Joulin S, et al. Is routine viral screening useful in patients with recent-onset polyarthritis of a duration of at least 6 weeks? Results from a nationwide longitudinal prospective cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Nov. 63(11):1565-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Aletaha D, Alasti F, Smolen JS. Rheumatoid factor determines structural progression of rheumatoid arthritis dependent and independent of disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. Jul 13 2012. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Scott IC, Steer S, Lewis CM, Cope AP. Precipitating and perpetuating factors of rheumatoid arthritis immunopathology: linking the triad of genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors and autoimmunity to disease pathogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011 Aug. 25(4):447-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Daha NA, Toes RE. Rheumatoid arthritis: Are ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative RA the same disease?. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011 Apr. 7(4):202-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. van Venrooij WJ, van Beers JJ, Pruijn GJ. Anti-CCP antibodies: the past, the present and the future. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011 Jun 7. 7(7):391-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Mjaavatten MD, van der Heijde DM, Uhlig T, et al. Should Anti-citrullinated Protein Antibody and Rheumatoid Factor Status Be Reassessed During the First Year of Followup in Recent-Onset Arthritis? A Longitudinal Study. J Rheumatol. 2011 Nov. 38(11):2336-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Bang H, Egerer K, Gauliard A, et al. Mutation and citrullination modifies vimentin to a novel autoantigen for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007. 56(8):2503–11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Coenen D, Verschueren P, Westhovens R, Bossuyt X. Technical and diagnostic performance of 6 assays for the measurement of citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chem. 2007. 53(3):498–504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Soos L, Szekanecz Z, Szabo Z, et al. Clinical evaluation of anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin by ELISA in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007. 34(8):1658–63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Szekanecz Z, Soos L, Szabo Z, et al. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: as good as it gets?. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2008. 34(1):26–31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. De Winter LM, Hansen WL, van Steenbergen HW, Geusens P, Lenaerts J, Somers K, et al. Autoantibodies to two novel peptides in seronegative and early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Aug. 55 (8):1431-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. van der Heijde DM. Radiographic imaging: the ‘gold standard’ for assessment of disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 Jun. 39 suppl 1:9-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Tan YK, Conaghan PG. Imaging in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011 Aug. 25(4):569-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Wells AF, Haddad RH. Emerging role of ultrasonography in rheumatoid arthritis: optimizing diagnosis, measuring disease activity and identifying prognostic factors. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011 Aug. 37(8):1173-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Bruno MA, Wakefield RJ. Chapter 5: Ultrasound of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Bruno MA, Mosher TJ, Gold GE. Arthritis in Color: Advanced Imaging of Arthritis. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders-Elsevier; 2009. 96-122.

63. Cheung PP, Dougados M, Gossec L. Reliability of ultrasonography to detect synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review of 35 studies (1,415 patients). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010 Mar. 62(3):323-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Fiocco U, Ferro F, Vezzu M, et al. Rheumatoid and psoriatic knee synovitis: clinical, grey scale, and power Doppler ultrasound assessment of the response to etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Jun. 64(6):899-905. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

65. Suter LG, Fraenkel L, Braithwaite RS. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 May. 63(5):675-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Cyteval C. Doppler ultrasonography and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of synovitis in the hand and wrist of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2009 Mar. 13(1):66-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Fukae J, Kon Y, Henmi M, Sakamoto F, Narita A, Shimizu M. Change of synovial vascularity in a single finger joint assessed by power doppler sonography correlated with radiographic change in rheumatoid arthritis: comparative study of a novel quantitative score with a semiquantitative score. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010 May. 62(5):657-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Zayat AS, Conaghan PG, Sharif M, et al. Do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a significant effect on detection and grading of ultrasound-detected synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results from a randomised study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Oct. 70(10):1746-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Kelleher MO, McEvoy L, Yang JP, Kamel MH, Bolger C. Lateral mass screw fixation of complex spine cases: a prospective clinical study. Br J Neurosurg. 2008 Oct. 22(5):663-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Cakir B, Kafer W, Reichel H, Schmidt R. [Surgery of the cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnostics and indication]. Orthopade. 2008 Nov. 37(11):1127-40; quiz 1141. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Narvaez JA, Narvaez J, Serrallonga M, et al. Cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: correlation between neurological manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Dec. 47(12):1814-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Verstappen SM, Albada-Kuipers GA, Bijlsma JW, et al, for the Utrecht Rheumatoid Arthritis Cohort Study Group (SRU). A good response to early DMARD treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the first year predicts remission during follow up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005. 64:38-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Aletaha D, Funovits J, Keystone EC, Smolen JS. Disease activity early in the course of treatment predicts response to therapy after one year in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2007. 56:3226-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Verschueren P, Esselens G, Westhovens R. Predictors of remission, normalized physical function, and changes in the working situation during follow-up of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: an observational study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009. 38:166-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. [Guideline] Singh JA, Furst DE, Bharat A, Curtis JR, Kavanaugh AF, et al. 2012 update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 May. 64 (5):625-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

76. Callhoff J, Weiss A, Zink A, Listing J. Impact of biologic therapy on functional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Dec. 52(12):2127-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Bili A, Sartorius JA, Kirchner HL, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use and decreased risk of diabetes in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Clin Rheumatol. 2011 Apr. 17(3):115-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Solomon DH, Massarotti E, Garg R, et al. Association between disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and diabetes risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. JAMA. 2011 Jun 22. 305(24):2525-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Lane JCE, Weaver J, Kostka K, et al; OHDSI-COVID-19 consortium. Risk of hydroxychloroquine alone and in combination with azithromycin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a multinational, retrospective study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Aug 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

80. Brooks M. FDA OKs Methotrexate Autoinjector (Otrexup). Medscape Medical News. Oct 18 2013. [Full Text].

81. Glen S Hazlewood, Cheryl Barnabe, George Tomlinson, Deborah Marshall, Dan Devoe, Claire Bombardier. Methotrexate monotherapy and methotrexate combination therapy with traditional and biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis: abridged Cochrane systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016. 353:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2007. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Nov. 66 Suppl 3:iii2-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Garces S, Demengeot J, Benito-Garcia E. The immunogenicity of anti-TNF therapy in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review of the literature with a meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Dec. 72(12):1947-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Galloway JB, Hyrich KL, Mercer LK, et al. Risk of septic arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Oct. 70(10):1810-1814. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

85. Lan JL, Chen YM, Hsieh TY, et al. Kinetics of viral loads and risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B core antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Oct. 70(10):1719-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Askling J, van Vollenhoven RF, Granath F, et al. Cancer risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapies: does the risk change with the time since start of treatment?. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Nov. 60(11):3180-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Finzel S, Rech J, Schmidt S, et al. Repair of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis treated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors is based on bone apposition at the base of the erosion. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Sep. 70(9):1587-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. van Vollenhoven RF, Ernestam S, Geborek P, Petersson IF, Coster L, Waltbrand E. Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (Swefot trial): 1-year results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009 Aug 8. 374(9688):459-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Visser K, van der Heijde D. Optimal dosage and route of administration of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jul. 68(7):1094-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

90. Keystone EC, Kavanaugh A, Weinblatt ME, Patra K, Pangan AL. Clinical consequences of delayed addition of adalimumab to methotrexate therapy over 5 years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2011 May. 38(5):855-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Kelly J. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Target Adalimumab Level Determined. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/818102. Accessed: December 23, 2013.

92. Pouw MF, Krieckaert CL, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Key findings towards optimising adalimumab treatment: the concentration-effect curve. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Mar. 74(3):513-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Fleischmann R, Vencovsky J, van Vollenhoven RF, Borenstein D, Box J, Coteur G. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol monotherapy every 4 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis failing previous disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy: the FAST4WARD study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jun. 68(6):805-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

94. Smolen J, Landewe RB, Mease P, Brzezicki J, Mason D, Luijtens K. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: the RAPID 2 study. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jun. 68(6):797-804. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

95. Emery P, Fleischmann RM, Moreland LW, Hsia EC, Strusberg I, Durez P. Golimumab, a human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, injected subcutaneously every four weeks in methotrexate-naive patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: twenty-four-week results of a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of golimumab before methotrexate as first-line therapy for early-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Aug. 60(8):2272-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Brown T. FDA approves intravenous golimumab (Simponi Aria) for rheumatoid arthritis. Medscape Medical News. July 18, 2013. [Full Text].

97. Janssen Biotech, Inc. Simponi Aria (golimumab) for infusion receives FDA approval for treatment of moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis [press release]. July 18, 2013. [Full Text].

98. Weinblatt ME, Bingham CO 3rd, Mendelsohn AM, et al. Intravenous golimumab is effective in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy with responses as early as week 2: results of the phase 3, randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled GO-FURTHER trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Mar. 72(3):381-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Emery P, Close DR. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 17. 350(25):2572-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Peterfy C, Emery P, Tak PP, Østergaard M, DiCarlo J, Otsa K, et al. MRI assessment of suppression of structural damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving rituximab: results from the randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind RA-SCORE study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jan. 75 (1):170-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

101. Emery P, Gottenberg JE, Rubbert-Roth A, et al. Rituximab versus an alternative TNF inhibitor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who failed to respond to a single previous TNF inhibitor: SWITCH-RA, a global, observational, comparative effectiveness study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Jun. 74(6):979-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Porter D, van Melckebeke J, Dale J, Messow CM, McConnachie A, Walker A, et al. Tumour necrosis factor inhibition versus rituximab for patients with rheumatoid arthritis who require biological treatment (ORBIT): an open-label, randomised controlled, non-inferiority, trial. Lancet. 2016 Jul 16. 388 (10041):239-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Bingham CO 3rd, Looney RJ, Deodhar A, Halsey N, Greenwald M, Codding C. Immunization responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab: results from a controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Jan. 62(1):64-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Orencia (abatacept) [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb. 2011. Available at [Full Text].

105. Genovese MC, Schiff M, Luggen M, et al. Longterm safety and efficacy of abatacept through 5 years of treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy. J Rheumatol. Aug 2012. 39(8):1546-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Weinblatt ME, Schiff M, Valente R, et al. Head-to-head comparison of subcutaneous abatacept versus adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: Findings of a phase IIIb, multinational, prospective, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Jan. 65(1):28-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Dougados M, Kissel K, Sheeran T, et al. Adding tocilizumab or switching to tocilizumab monotherapy in methotrexate inadequate responders: 24-week symptomatic and structural results of a 2-year randomised controlled strategy trial in rheumatoid arthritis (ACT-RAY). Ann Rheum Dis. Jul 7 2012. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Strand V, Burmester GR, Ogale S, Devenport J, John A, Emery P. Improvements in health-related quality of life after treatment with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors: results from the 24-week randomized controlled RADIATE study. Rheumatology (Oxford). Jun 28 2012. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Burmester GR, Rubbert-Roth A, Cantagrel A, et al. A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study of the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous tocilizumab versus intravenous tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (SUMMACTA study). Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Jan. 73(1):69-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Smolen JS, Schoels MM, Nishimoto N, et al. Consensus statement on blocking the effects of interleukin-6 and in particular by interleukin-6 receptor inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Apr. 72(4):482-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Genovese MC, Fleischmann R, Kivitz AJ, Rell-Bakalarska M, Martincova R, Fiore S, et al. Sarilumab Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to Methotrexate: Results of a Phase III Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015 Jun. 67 (6):1424-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

112. Fleischmann R, van Adelsberg J, Lin Y, Castelar-Pinheiro GD, Brzezicki J, Hrycaj P, et al. Sarilumab and Nonbiologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response or Intolerance to Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017 Feb. 69 (2):277-290. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Howard R Smith, MD Director of the Lupus Clinic, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic

Howard R Smith, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Adam Brown, MD Fellow, Department of Rheumatology, Cleveland Clinic

Adam Brown, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Herbert S Diamond, MD Visiting Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital

Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Katherine K Temprano, MD Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St Louis University School of Medicine

Katherine K Temprano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Partner received honoraria from Baxter for speaking and teaching.

Edward Bessman, MD Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, John Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Edward Bessman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sarjoo M Bhagia, MD Consulting Staff, OrthoCarolina; Voluntary Teaching Faculty, Carolinas Rehabilitation

Sarjoo M Bhagia, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Association of Academic Physiatrists, North American Spine Society, and Physiatric Association of Spine, Sports and Occupational Rehabilitation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Heather Lyn Carone, MD Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, St Vincent Mercy Medical Center

Heather Lyn Carone, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gino A Farina, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center

Gino A Farina, MD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Patrick M Foye, MD Associate Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Co-Director of Musculoskeletal Fellowship, Co-Director of Back Pain Clinic, Director of Coccyx Pain Service (Tailbone Pain Service: www.TailboneDoctor.com), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School

Patrick M Foye, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Association of Academic Physiatrists, and International Spine Intervention Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Harris Gellman, MD Consulting Surgeon, Broward Hand Center; Voluntary Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Surgery, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine

Harris Gellman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and Arkansas Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Elliot Goldberg, MD Dean of the Western Pennsylvania Clinical Campus, Professor, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine

Elliot Goldberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kavita Gupta, DO, MEng Department of Orthopedics, Center of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Dentistry and Medicine of New Jersey

Kavita Gupta, DO, MEng is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Osteopathic Association, Association of Academic Physiatrists, and Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John A Kare, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science/UCLA, Director of Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Martin Luther King Jr/Charles R Drew Medical Center

John A Kare, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Medical Student Association/Foundation, and Emergency Medicine Residents Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Randall W King, MD, FACEP Assistant Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine; Director, Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Associate Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, St Vincent Mercy Medical Center

Randall W King, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, Ohio State Medical Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Challenger corporation None Physician Advisory Board; Ohio ACEP Consulting fee Editor Rivers review text Emergency Medicine

Milton J Klein, DO, MBA Consulting Physiatrist, Heritage Valley Health System-Sewickley Hospital and Ohio Valley General Hospital

Milton J Klein, DO, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Disability Evaluating Physicians, American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Osteopathy, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Osteopathic College of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Pain Society, and Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kristine M Lohr, MD, MS Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Advancement of Women's Health and Division of Rheumatology, Director, Rheumatology Training Program, University of Kentucky College of Medicine

Kristine M Lohr, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert J Nowinski, DO Clinical Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine; Private Practice, Orthopedic and Neurological Consultants, Inc, Columbus, Ohio

Robert J Nowinski, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Osteopathic Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, Ohio Osteopathic Association, and Ohio State Medical Association

Disclosure: Tornier Grant/research funds Other; Tornier Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health System

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, Medical Society of Delaware, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Elizabeth Salt, ARPN, PhD Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, University of Kentucky College of Nursing; Rheumatology Nurse Practitioner, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center

Elizabeth Scarbrough, MSN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Rheumatology, Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science, and Sigma Theta Tau International

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Roberto Sandoval, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Anaheim Memorial Medical Center, La Palma Intercommunity Hospital

Roberto Sandoval, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph E Sheppard, MD Professor of Clinical Orthopedic Surgery, Chief of Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, University Physicians Healthcare

Joseph E Sheppard, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and Orthopaedics Overseas

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Roman V Voytsekhovskiy, MD Fellow in Hand Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eleby R Washington III, MD, FACS Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedics, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science

Eleby R Washington III, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, International College of Surgeons, and National Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard Worthington MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wood County Hospital

Richard Worthington is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Ohio State Medical Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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