Taurog JD, Chhabra A, Colbert RA. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Axial Spondyloarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 30. 374 (26):2563-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Brandt J, Burgos-Vagas R, Collantes-Estevez E, et al. New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS). Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jun. 68 (6):784-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Passalent LA, Soever LJ, O'Shea FD, Inman RD. Exercise in ankylosing spondylitis: discrepancies between recommendations and reality. J Rheumatol. 2010 Apr. 37(4):835-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jones SD, Koh WH, Steiner A, Garrett SL, Calin A. Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis: its prevalence and relationship to disease activity, sleep, and other factors. J Rheumatol. 1996 Mar. 23(3):487-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mengshoel AM, Førre O. Pain and fatigue in patients with rheumatic disorders. Clin Rheumatol. 1993 Dec. 12(4):515-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Linden S, van der Heijde D. Ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical features. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1998 Nov. 24(4):663-76, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Collantes-Estevez E, Cisnal del Mazo A, Munoz-Gomariz E. Assessment of 2 systems of spondyloarthropathy diagnostic and classification criteria (Amor and ESSG) by a Spanish multicenter study. European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group. J Rheumatol. 1995 Feb. 22(2):246-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Oct. 34(10):1218-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Heijde D, Spoorenberg A. Plain radiographs as an outcome measure in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 1999 Apr. 26(4):985-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Naredo E, Batlle-Gualda E, García-Vivar ML, García-Aparicio AM, Fernández-Sueiro JL, Fernández-Prada M, et al. Power Doppler ultrasonography assessment of entheses in spondyloarthropathies: response to therapy of entheseal abnormalities. J Rheumatol. 2010 Oct. 37(10):2110-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vinson EN, Major NM. MR imaging of ankylosing spondylitis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2003 Jun. 7(2):103-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Geijer M, Gothlin GG, Gothlin JH. The clinical utility of computed tomography compared to conventional radiography in diagnosing sacroiliitis. A retrospective study on 910 patients and literature review. J Rheumatol. 2007 Jul. 34(7):1561-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Van Royen BJ, De Gast A. Lumbar osteotomy for correction of thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. A structured review of three methods of treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 Jul. 58(7):399-406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Shih LY, Chen TH, Lo WH, Yang DJ. Total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: longterm followup. J Rheumatol. 1995 Sep. 22(9):1704-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cawley MI, Chalmers TM, Ball J. Destructive lesions of vertebral bodies in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1971 Sep. 30(5):539-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Hanson JA, Mirza S. Predisposition for spinal fracture in ankylosing spondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000 Jan. 174(1):150. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hunter T. The spinal complications of ankylosing spondylitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1989 Dec. 19(3):172-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sutherland RI, Matheson D. Inflammatory involvement of vertebrae in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 1975 Sep. 2(3):296-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Linden S, van der Heijde D. Clinical aspects, outcome assessment, and management of ankylosing spondylitis and postenteric reactive arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 Jul. 12(4):263-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schlosstein L, Terasaki PI, Bluestone R, et al. High association of an HL-A antigen, W27, with ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med. 1973 Apr 5. 288(14):704-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brewerton DA, Hart FD, Nicholls A, Caffrey M, James DC, Sturrock RD. Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973 Apr 28. 1(7809):904-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Caffrey MF, James DC. Human lymphocyte antigen association in ankylosing spondylitis. Nature. 1973 Mar 9. 242(5393):121. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Alvarez I, López de Castro JA. HLA-B27 and immunogenetics of spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 Jul. 12(4):248-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McGonagle D, Gibbon W, Emery P. Classification of inflammatory arthritis by enthesitis. Lancet. 1998 Oct 3. 352(9134):1137-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Muñoz-Villanueva MC, Muñoz-Gomariz E, Escudero-Contreras A, et al. Biological and clinical markers of disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2003 Dec. 30(12):2729-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Palazzi C, Olivieri I, D'Amico E, Pennese E, Petricca A. Management of reactive arthritis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 Jan. 5(1):61-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Smith JA, Colbert RA. Review: The interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis: Th17 and beyond. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Feb. 66 (2):231-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McGonagle DG, McInnes IB, Kirkham BW, Sherlock J, Moots R. The role of IL-17A in axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: recent advances and controversies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Sep. 78 (9):1167-1178. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McGonagle D, Emery P. Enthesitis, osteitis, microbes, biomechanics, and immune reactivity in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2000 Oct. 27(10):2302-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
O'Neill TW, Bresnihan B. The heart in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 Jun. 51(6):705-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Khan MA. Update on spondyloarthropathies. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jun 18. 136(12):896-907. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wordsworth P. Genes in the spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1998 Nov. 24(4):845-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Reveille JD. The genetic basis of ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006 Jul. 18(4):332-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brionez TF, Reveille JD. The contribution of genes outside the major histocompatibility complex to susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008 Jul. 20(4):384-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brown MA. Breakthroughs in genetic studies of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Feb. 47(2):132-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Reveille JD, Ball EJ, Khan MA. HLA-B27 and genetic predisposing factors in spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001 Jul. 13(4):265-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jaakkola E, Herzberg I, Laiho K, Barnardo MC, Pointon JJ, Kauppi M, et al. Finnish HLA studies confirm the increased risk conferred by HLA-B27 homozygosity in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Jun. 65(6):775-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Reveille JD, Arnett FC. Spondyloarthritis: update on pathogenesis and management. Am J Med. 2005 Jun. 118(6):592-603. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van Gaalen FA, Verduijn W, Roelen DL, Böhringer S, Huizinga TW, van der Heijde DM, et al. Epistasis between two HLA antigens defines a subset of individuals at a very high risk for ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Aug 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ebringer A. The relationship between Klebsiella infection and ankylosing spondylitis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1989 Aug. 3(2):321-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Burton PR, Clayton DG, Cardon LR, Craddock N, Deloukas P, Duncanson A, et al. Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants. Nat Genet. 2007 Nov. 39(11):1329-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rahman P, Inman RD, Gladman DD, Reeve JP, Peddle L, Maksymowych WP. Association of interleukin-23 receptor variants with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Apr. 58(4):1020-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rueda B, Orozco G, Raya E, Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Mulero J, Blanco FJ, et al. The IL23R Arg381Gln non-synonymous polymorphism confers susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Oct. 67(10):1451-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Karaderi T, Harvey D, Farrar C, Appleton LH, Stone MA, Sturrock RD, et al. Association between the interleukin 23 receptor and ankylosing spondylitis is confirmed by a new UK case-control study and meta-analysis of published series. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Apr. 48(4):386-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Layh-Schmitt G, Colbert RA. The interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis in spondyloarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008 Jul. 20(4):392-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Timms AE, Crane AM, Sims AM, Cordell HJ, Bradbury LA, Abbott A, et al. The interleukin 1 gene cluster contains a major susceptibility locus for ankylosing spondylitis. Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Oct. 75(4):587-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Maksymowych WP, Rahman P, Reeve JP, Gladman DD, Peddle L, Inman RD. Association of the IL1 gene cluster with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis: an analysis of three Canadian populations. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar. 54(3):974-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hammer RE, Maika SD, Richardson JA, et al. Spontaneous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human beta 2m: an animal model of HLA-B27-associated human disorders. Cell. 1990 Nov 30. 63(5):1099-112. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Khare SD, Luthra HS, David CS. Animal models of human leukocyte antigen B27-linked arthritides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1998 Nov. 24(4):883-94, xi-xii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lories RJ. Animal models of spondyloarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006 Jul. 18(4):342-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Braun J, Bollow M, Remlinger G, et al. Prevalence of spondylarthropathies in HLA-B27 positive and negative blood donors. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Jan. 41(1):58-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Trontzas P, Andrianakos A, Miyakis S, et al. Seronegative spondyloarthropathies in Greece: a population-based study of prevalence, clinical pattern, and management. The ESORDIG study. Clin Rheumatol. 2005 Nov. 24(6):583-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
De Angelis R, Salaffi F, Grassi W. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies in an Italian population sample: a regional community-based study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2007 Jan-Feb. 36(1):14-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Taurog JD. The mystery of HLA-B27: if it isn't one thing, it's another. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Aug. 56(8):2478-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stolwijk C, van Onna M, Boonen A, van Tubergen A. Global Prevalence of Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016 Sep. 68 (9):1320-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Braun J, Sieper J. Ankylosing spondylitis. Lancet. 2007 Apr 21. 369(9570):1379-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Feldtkeller E, Khan MA, van der Heijde D, et al. Age at disease onset and diagnosis delay in HLA-B27 negative vs. positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2003 Mar. 23(2):61-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dincer U, Cakar E, Kiralp MZ, Dursun H. Diagnosis delay in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: possible reasons and proposals for new diagnostic criteria. Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Apr. 27(4):457-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rezaian MM, Brent LH. Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy: Seven-year follow-up study of 357 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001. 44:S93.
Lee W, Reveille JD, Davis JC Jr, et al. Are there gender differences in severity of ankylosing spondylitis? Results from the PSOAS cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 May. 66(5):633-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Singh DK, Magrey M. Racial Differences in Clinical Features and Co-morbidities In Ankylosing Spondylitis in the United States. J Rheumatol. 2019 Sep 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Braun J, Pincus T. Mortality, course of disease and prognosis of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 Nov-Dec. 20(6 Suppl 28):S16-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ringsdal VS, Helin P. Ankylosing spondylitis--education, employment and invalidity. Dan Med Bull. 1991 Jun. 38(3):282-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wordsworth BP, Mowat AG. A review of 100 patients with ankylosing spondylitis with particular reference to socio-economic effects. Br J Rheumatol. 1986 May. 25(2):175-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McGuigan LE, Hart HH, Gow PJ, Kidd BL, Grigor RR, Moore TE. Employment in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984 Aug. 43(4):604-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Lehtinen K. Working ability of 76 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1981. 10(4):263-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Verstappen SM, Watson KD, Lunt M, McGrother K, Symmons DP, Hyrich KL. Working status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010 Aug. 49(8):1570-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Gran JT, Skomsvoll JF. The outcome of ankylosing spondylitis: a study of 100 patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Jul. 36(7):766-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Guillemin F, Briançon S, Pourel J, Gaucher A. Long-term disability and prolonged sick leaves as outcome measurements in ankylosing spondylitis. Possible predictive factors. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Jul. 33(7):1001-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Leirisalo-Repo M. Prognosis, course of disease, and treatment of the spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1998 Nov. 24(4):737-51, viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Carette S, Graham D, Little H, Rubenstein J, Rosen P. The natural disease course of ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Feb. 26(2):186-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sampaio-Barros PD, Bertolo MB, Kraemer MH, et al. Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies: a 2-year follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol. 2001. 20(3):201-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mattey DL, Dawson SR, Healey EL, Packham JC. Relationship Between Smoking and Patient-reported Measures of Disease Outcome in Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2011 Dec. 38(12):2608-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
O'Shea FD, Riarh R, Anton A, Inman RD. Assessing back pain: does the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire accurately measure function in ankylosing spondylitis?. J Rheumatol. 2010 Jun. 37(6):1211-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Calin A, Porta J, Fries JF, et al. Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. JAMA. 1977 Jun 13. 237(24):2613-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rudwaleit M, Metter A, Listing J, et al. Inflammatory back pain in ankylosing spondylitis: a reassessment of the clinical history for application as classification and diagnostic criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Feb. 54(2):569-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Brandt J, Burgos-Vagas R, Collantes-Estevez E, et al. New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS). Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jun. 68 (6):784-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Martin TM, Smith JR, Rosenbaum JT. Anterior uveitis: current concepts of pathogenesis and interactions with the spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 Jul. 14(4):337-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ali A, Samson CM. Seronegative spondyloarthropathies and the eye. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007 Nov. 18(6):476-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Burgos-Vargas R. The juvenile-onset spondyloarthritides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2002 Aug. 28(3):531-60, vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tse SM, Laxer RM. Juvenile spondyloarthropathy. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003 Jul. 15(4):374-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zeidler H, Mau W, Khan MA. Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992 Feb. 18(1):187-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Amor B, Dougados M, Mijiyawa M. [Criteria of the classification of spondylarthropathies]. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1990 Feb. 57(2):85-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rasker JJ, Prevo RL, Lanting PJ. Spondylodiscitis in ankylosing spondylitis, inflammation or trauma? A description of six cases. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996. 25(1):52-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dihlmann W, Delling G. Discovertebral destructive lesions (so called Andersson lesions) associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Skel Radiol. 1978. 3:10-6.
Agarwal AK, Reidbord HE, Kraus DR, Eisenbeis CH Jr. Variable histopathology of discovertebral lesion (spondylodiscitis) of ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1990 Jan-Feb. 8(1):67-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lipton S, Deodhar A. The New ASAS Classification Criteria for Axial and Peripheral Spondyloarthritis. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776097_5. Accessed: November 4, 2014.
Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Akkoc N, Brandt J, Chou CT, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Jan. 70(1):25-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Listing J, Akkoc N, Brandt J, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jun. 68 (6):777-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Heijde D, Landewé R. Imaging in spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005 Jul. 17(4):413-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Mandl P, Navarro-Compán V, Terslev L, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in the diagnosis and management of spondyloarthritis in clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Apr 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Ruof J, Stucki G. Validity aspects of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in ankylosing spondylitis: a literature review. J Rheumatol. 1999 Apr. 26(4):966-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nakache JP, et al. Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein in axial involvement of ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 1999 Apr. 26(4):971-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Anwar F, Al-Khayer A, Joseph G, Fraser MH, Jigajinni MV, Allan DB. Delayed presentation and diagnosis of cervical spine injuries in long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Eur Spine J. 2011 Mar. 20(3):403-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Baraliakos X, Hermann KG, Landewé R, Listing J, Golder W, Brandt J, et al. Assessment of acute spinal inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison between contrast enhanced T1 and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Aug. 64(8):1141-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hermann KG, Landewé RB, Braun J, van der Heijde DM. Magnetic resonance imaging of inflammatory lesions in the spine in ankylosing spondylitis clinical trials: is paramagnetic contrast medium necessary?. J Rheumatol. 2005 Oct. 32(10):2056-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kim NR, Choi JY, Hong SH, Jun WS, Lee JW, Choi JA, et al. "MR corner sign": value for predicting presence of ankylosing spondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Jul. 191(1):124-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Maksymowych WP, Chiowchanwisawakit P, Clare T, Pedersen SJ, Østergaard M, Lambert RG. Inflammatory lesions of the spine on magnetic resonance imaging predict the development of new syndesmophytes in ankylosing spondylitis: evidence of a relationship between inflammation and new bone formation. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jan. 60(1):93-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] van der Heijde D, Ramiro S, Landewé R, et al. 2016 update of the ASAS-EULAR management recommendations for axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Jun. 76 (6):978-991. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Halm H, Metz-Stavenhagen P, Zielke K. Results of surgical correction of kyphotic deformities of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis on the basis of the modified arthritis impact measurement scales. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Jul 15. 20(14):1612-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hunter T, Dubo HI. Spinal fractures complicating ankylosing spondylitis. A long-term followup study. Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Jun. 26(6):751-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Carron P, Varkas G, Renson T, Colman R, Elewaut D, Van den Bosch F. High rate of drug-free remission after induction therapy with golimumab in early peripheral spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018 May 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lewis R. TNF Inhibitor Induces Drug-Free Remission in Early Spondyloarthritis. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897894?src=soc_fb_180612_mscpedt_news_mdscp_arthritis&faf=1. June 11, 2018; Accessed: June 12, 2018.
Cimzia (certolizumab) [package insert]. Lake Park Drive Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc. April 2019. Available at [Full Text].
Deodhar A, Blanco R, Dokoupilová E, Hall S, Kameda H, Kivitz AJ, et al. Secukinumab improves signs and symptoms of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: primary results of a randomized controlled phase III study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Aug 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Deodhar A, van der Heijde D, Gensler LS, Kim TH, Maksymowych WP, Østergaard M, et al. Ixekizumab for patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (COAST-X): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020 Jan 4. 395 (10217):53-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Escalas C, Trijau S, Dougados M. Evaluation of the treatment effect of NSAIDs/TNF blockers according to different domains in ankylosing spondylitis: results of a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010 Jul. 49(7):1317-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wanders A, Heijde D, Landewe R, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs reduce radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun. 52(6):1756-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sieper J, Klopsch T, Richter M, Kapelle A, Rudwaleit M, Schwank S, et al. Comparison of two different dosages of celecoxib with diclofenac for the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis: results of a 12-week randomised, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Mar. 67(3):323-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Chen J, Liu C. Is sulfasalazine effective in ankylosing spondylitis? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 2006 Apr. 33(4):722-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Weisman MH, Blackburn WD, Cush JJ, Cannon GW, et al. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Dec. 39(12):2004-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Abdellatif M. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo for the treatment of axial and peripheral articular manifestations of the seronegative spondylarthropathies: a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Nov. 42(11):2325-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Braun J, Pavelka K, Ramos-Remus C, Dimic A, Vlahos B, Freundlich B, et al. Clinical efficacy of etanercept versus sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis subjects with peripheral joint involvement. J Rheumatol. 2012 Apr. 39(4):836-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Inman RD, Maksymowych WP. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low dose infliximab in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2010 Jun. 37(6):1203-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Braun J, Davis J, Dougados M, et al. First update of the international ASAS consensus statement for the use of anti-TNF agents in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Mar. 65(3):316-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Braun J, Baraliakos X, Golder W, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, before and after successful therapy with infliximab: evaluation of a new scoring system. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Apr. 48(4):1126-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gorman JD, Sack KE, Davis JC Jr. Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 2. 346(18):1349-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Davis JC, Van Der Heijde D, Braun J, et al. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (etanercept) for treating ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Nov. 48(11):3230-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Heijde D, Dijkmans B, Geusens P, et al. Efficacy and safety of infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (ASSERT). Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Feb. 52(2):582-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Braun J, Landewé R, Hermann KG, et al. Major reduction in spinal inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after treatment with infliximab: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 May. 54(5):1646-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gengenbacher M, Sebald HJ, Villiger PM, Hofstetter W, Seitz M. Infliximab inhibits bone resorption by circulating osteoclast precursor cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 May. 67(5):620-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Heijde D, Kivitz A, Schiff MH, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jul. 54(7):2136-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Inman RD, Davis JC Jr, Heijde D, Diekman L, Sieper J, Kim SI, et al. Efficacy and safety of golimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Nov. 58(11):3402-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Medscape News. FDA clears certolizumab (Cimzia) for ankylosing spondylitis. Medscape. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812822. Accessed: October 18, 2013.
Landewé R, Braun J, Deodhar A, Dougados M, Maksymowych WP, Mease PJ, et al. Efficacy of certolizumab pegol on signs and symptoms of axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis: 24-week results of a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled Phase 3 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Sep 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Burmester GR, Emery P, et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2006. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Nov. 65 Suppl 3:iii2-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kelly JC. Ankylosing Spondylitis: Prolonged Anti-TNF Stops Damage. Medscape Medical News. Jun 22 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/808219. Accessed: July 30, 2013.
Haroon N, Inman RD, Learch TJ, Weisman MH, Lee M, Rahbar MH, et al. The Impact of TNF-inhibitors on radiographic progression in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Jul 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baeten D, Sieper J, Braun J, Baraliakos X, Dougados M, Emery P, et al. Secukinumab, an Interleukin-17A Inhibitor, in Ankylosing Spondylitis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 24. 373 (26):2534-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Heijde D, Cheng-Chung Wei J, Dougados M, Mease P, Deodhar A, Maksymowych WP, et al. Ixekizumab, an interleukin-17A antagonist in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis or radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in patients previously untreated with biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (COAST-V): 16 week results of a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, active-controlled and placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Dec 8. 392 (10163):2441-2451. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Deodhar A, Poddubnyy D, Pacheco-Tena C, Salvarani C, Lespessailles E, Rahman P, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Ixekizumab in the Treatment of Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis: Sixteen-Week Results From a Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Patients With Prior Inadequate Response to or Intolerance of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Apr. 71 (4):599-611. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Deodhar A, Van den Bosch F, Poddubnyy D, Maksymowych WP, Van der Heijde D, Kim TH, et al. Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in patients with active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (abstract OP0016). Presented at the Annual EULAR 2022 Congress June 1-4, 2022. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022 Jun. 81(suppl1):[Full Text].
van der Heijde D, Song IH, Pangan AL, Deodhar A, van den Bosch F, Maksymowych WP, et al. Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (SELECT-AXIS 1): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Dec 7. 394 (10214):2108-2117. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Deodhar A, van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Van den Bosch F, Maksymowych WP, Kim TH, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Upadacitinib in Patients With Active Ankylosing Spondylitis and an Inadequate Response to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Therapy: One-Year Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study and Open-Label Extension. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Jan. 74 (1):70-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Deodhar A, Sliwinska-Stanczyk P, Xu H, Baraliakos X, Gensler LS, Fleishaker D, et al. Tofacitinib for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021 Apr 27. 76 (8):1340-1347. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Chen J, Liu C, Lin J. Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18. CD004524. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van Denderen JC, van der Paardt M, Nurmohamed MT, de Ryck YM, Dijkmans BA, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE. Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of leflunomide in the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Dec. 64(12):1761-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, Dubreuil M, Yu D, Khan MA, et al. 2019 Update of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Oct. 71 (10):1599-1613. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Smolen JS, Schöls M, Braun J, Dougados M, FitzGerald O, et al. Treating axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral spondyloarthritis, especially psoriatic arthritis, to target: 2017 update of recommendations by an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 Jan. 77 (1):3-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
van Denderen JC, Visman IM, Nurmohamed MT, Suttorp-Schulten MS, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE. Adalimumab significantly reduces the recurrence rate of anterior uveitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2014 Sep. 41(9):1843-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Davis J, Weisman MH, Maksymowych W, Braun J, et al. ASsessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis International Working Group/Spondylitis Association of America recommendations for conducting clinical trials in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Feb. 52(2):386-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zochling J, Braun J. Assessments in ankylosing spondylitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Aug. 21(4):699-712. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zochling J. Assessment and treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: current status and future directions. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008 Jul. 20(4):398-403. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Blizzard DJ, Penrose CT, Sheets CZ, Seyler TM, Bolognesi MP, Brown CR. Ankylosing Spondylitis Increases Perioperative and Postoperative Complications After Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2017 Mar 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dagfinrud H, Kvien TK, Hagen KB. The Cochrane review of physiotherapy interventions for ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2005 Oct. 32(10):1899-906. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dagfinrud H, Kvien TK, Hagen KB. Physiotherapy interventions for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23. CD002822. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Zhao Q, Dong C, Liu Z, Li M, Wang J, Yin Y, et al. The effectiveness of aquatic physical therapy intervention on disease activity and function of ankylosing spondylitis patients: a meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2019 Sep 2. 1-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
