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Dennis G Lusaya, MD Associate Professor II, Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery; Chairman, Institute of Urology, St Luke's Medical Center; Head of Urology Unit, Benavides Cancer Institute, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Philippines

Dennis G Lusaya, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association, Philippine College of Surgeons, Philippine Medical Association, Philippine Society of Urological Oncology, Philippine Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edgar V Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FAHA, FASH, FNLA, FNKF Clinical Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine; Research Director, Internal Medicine Training Program, Advocate Christ Medical Center; Consulting Staff, Associates in Nephrology, SC

Edgar V Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FAHA, FASH, FNLA, FNKF is a member of the following medical societies: American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Chicago Medical Society, Illinois State Medical Society, National Kidney Foundation, Society of General Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Astra Zeneca<br/>Author for: UpToDate, ACP Smart Medicine, Elsevier, McGraw-Hill, Wolters Kluwer.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS Professor of Urology, Director, Center for Laparoscopy and Endourology, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, Endourological Society, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons, Society of University Urologists

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Endourological Society Board of Directors; President Elect North Central Section of the American Urological Association<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Cook Medical.

Richard A Santucci, MD, FACS Senior Surgeon, Crane Surgical Services

Richard A Santucci, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, International Society of Urology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors Srinivas Vourganti, MD, Prakash Maniam, MD, and martin I Resnick, MD, to the development and writing of this article.

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