Leydig Cell Tumors Clinical Presentation

1. [Guideline] Nicol D (Chair), Beney D, Boormans JL et al; European Association of Urology. EAU Guidelines on Testicular Cancer. UROWEB.ORG. Available at https://uroweb.org/guidelines/testicular-cancer. 2023; Accessed: September 12, 2023.

2. David J, Chumbalkar V, Chadha J. An insight into metastatic Leydig cell tumors: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2023. 11:2050313X231184180. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Farkas LM, Székely JG, Pusztai C, Baki M. High frequency of metastatic Leydig cell testicular tumours. Oncology. 2000 Aug. 59 (2):118-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Leonhartsberger N, Ramoner R, Aigner F, Stoehr B, Pichler R, Zangerl F, et al. Increased incidence of Leydig cell tumours of the testis in the era of improved imaging techniques. BJU Int. 2011 Nov. 108(10):1603-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Lock G, Schmidt C, Helmich F, Stolle E, Dieckmann KP. Early experience with contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of testicular masses: a feasibility study. Urology. 2011 May. 77(5):1049-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Henderson CG, Ahmed AA, Sesterhenn I, Belman AB, Rushton HG. Enucleation for prepubertal leydig cell tumor. J Urol. 2006 Aug. 176(2):703-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. J.S. Valla for the Group D'Etude en Urologie Pédiatrique. Testis-sparing surgery for benign testicular tumors in children. J Urol. 2001 Jun. 165(6 Pt 2):2280-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Carmignani L, Colombo R, Gadda F, Galasso G, Lania A, Palou J, et al. Conservative surgical therapy for leydig cell tumor. J Urol. 2007 Aug. 178(2):507-11; discussion 511. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Ober WB, Sciagura C. Leydig, Sertoli, and Reinke: three anatomists who were on the ball. Pathol Annu. 1981. 16 Pt 1:1-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Basciani S, Brama M, Mariani S, De Luca G, Arizzi M, Vesci L, et al. Imatinib mesylate inhibits Leydig cell tumor growth: evidence for in vitro and in vivo activity. Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 1. 65(5):1897-903. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Augusto D, Leteurtre E, De La Taille A, Gosselin B, Leroy X. Calretinin: a valuable marker of normal and neoplastic Leydig cells of the testis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2002 Jun. 10(2):159-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Muheilan MM, Shomaf M, Tarawneh E, Murshidi MM, Al-Sayyed MR, Murshidi MM. Leydig cell tumor in grey zone: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2017. 35:12-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Cheville JC. Classification and pathology of testicular germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumors. Urol Clin North Am. 1999 Aug. 26(3):595-609. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Rove KO, Maroni PD, Cost CR, Fairclough DL, Giannarini G, Harris AK, et al. Pathologic Risk Factors for Metastatic Disease in Postpubertal Patients With Clinical Stage I Testicular Stromal Tumors. Urology. 2016 Aug 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Maxwell F, Savignac A, Bekdache O, Calvez S, Lebacle C, Arama E, et al. Leydig Cell Tumors of the Testis: An Update of the Imaging Characteristics of a Not So Rare Lesion. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jul 27. 14 (15):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Maxwell F, Izard V, Ferlicot S, Rachas A, Correas JM, Benoit G, et al. Colour Doppler and ultrasound characteristics of testicular Leydig cell tumours. Br J Radiol. 2016 Jun. 89 (1062):20160089. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Tsitouridis I, Maskalidis C, Panagiotidou D, Kariki EP. Eleven patients with testicular leydig cell tumors: clinical, imaging, and pathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 2014 Oct. 33 (10):1855-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Lock G, Schröder C, Schmidt C, Anheuser P, Loening T, Dieckmann KP. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and real-time elastography for the diagnosis of benign Leydig cell tumors of the testis - a single center report on 13 cases. Ultraschall Med. 2014 Dec. 35 (6):534-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Stoop H, Kirkels W, Dohle GR, Gillis AJ, den Bakker MA, Biermann K, et al. Diagnosis of testicular carcinoma in situ '(intratubular and microinvasive)' seminoma and embryonal carcinoma using direct enzymatic alkaline phosphatase reactivity on frozen histological sections. Histopathology. 2011 Feb. 58 (3):440-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Iczkowski KA, Bostwick DG, Roche PC, Cheville JC. Inhibin A is a sensitive and specific marker for testicular sex cord-stromal tumors. Mod Pathol. 1998 Aug. 11(8):774-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Osbun N, Winters B, Holt SK, Schade GR, Lin DW, Wright JL. Characteristics of Patients With Sertoli and Leydig Cell Testis Neoplasms From a National Population-Based Registry. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016 Aug 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Froehner M, Beuthien-Baumann B, Dittert DD, Schuler U, Wirth MP. Lack of efficacy of imatinib in a patient with metastatic Leydig cell tumor. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2006 Nov. 58(5):716-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Zhu J, Luan Y, Li H. Management of testicular Leydig cell tumor: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jun. 97 (25):e11158. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Shang B, Cao C, Jiang W, Shi H, Bi X, Cui C, et al. Promising Immunotherapy in Metastatic Testicular Sex Cord Stromal Tumours After First-Line Chemotherapy. Front Immunol. 2021. 12:720359. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Testing the Effectiveness of Two Immunotherapy Drugs (Nivolumab and Ipilimumab) With One Anti-cancer Targeted Drug (Cabozantinib) for Rare Genitourinary Tumors. clinicaltrials.gov. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03866382. Accessed: September 18, 2023.

26. [Guideline] Stein R, Quaedackers J, Bhat NR, Dogan HS, Nijman RJM, Rawashdeh YF, et al. EAU-ESPU pediatric urology guidelines on testicular tumors in prepubertal boys. J Pediatr Urol. 2021 Aug. 17 (4):529-533. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Stoop H, Kirkels W, Dohle GR, Gillis AJ, den Bakker MA, Biermann K, et al. Diagnosis of testicular carcinoma in situ '(intratubular and microinvasive)' seminoma and embryonal carcinoma using direct enzymatic alkaline phosphatase reactivity on frozen histological sections. Histopathology. 2011 Feb. 58(3):440-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Emre S, Ozcan R, Elicevik M, Emir H, Soylet Y, Buyukunal C. Testis sparing surgery for Leydig cell pathologies in children. J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Feb. 13 (1):51.e1-51.e4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Bozzini G, Picozzi S, Gadda F, Colombo R, Decobelli O, Palou J, et al. Long-Term Follow-Up Using Testicle-Sparing Surgery for Leydig Cell Tumor. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2013 Jan 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Ferretti L, Sargos P, Gross-Goupil M, Izard V, Wallerand H, Huyghe E, et al. Testicular-sparing surgery for bilateral or monorchide testicular tumours: a multicenter study of long-term oncological and functional results. BJU Int. 2014 Dec. 114(6):860-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Bozzini G, Rubino B, Maruccia S, Marenghi C, Casellato S, Picozzi S, et al. Role of frozen section examination in the management of testicular nodules: a useful procedure to identify benign lesions. Urol J. 2014 Jul 8. 11(3):1687-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Nicolai N, Necchi A, Raggi D, Biasoni D, Catanzaro M, Piva L, et al. Clinical outcome in testicular sex cord stromal tumors: testis sparing vs. radical orchiectomy and management of advanced disease. Urology. 2015 Feb. 85 (2):402-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Mosharafa AA, Foster RS, Bihrle R, Koch MO, Ulbright TM, Einhorn LH, et al. Does retroperitoneal lymph node dissection have a curative role for patients with sex cord-stromal testicular tumors?. Cancer. 2003 Aug 15. 98 (4):753-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Silberstein JL, Bazzi WM, Vertosick E, Carver BS, Bosl GJ, Feldman DR, et al. Clinical outcomes of local and metastatic testicular sex cord-stromal tumors. J Urol. 2014 Aug. 192 (2):415-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Thomas Calvert, MD, MPH Resident Physician, Department of Urology, UMass Memorial Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pamela I Ellsworth, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology, Nemours Children's Hospital; Professor of Urology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine

Pamela I Ellsworth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Society for Fetal Urology, Society of Women in Urology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Urological Association, Sexual Medicine Society of North America, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology, Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edmund S Sabanegh, Jr, MD Chairman, Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation

Edmund S Sabanegh, Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society of Andrology, Society of Reproductive Surgeons, Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Urological Association, SWOG

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erik T Goluboff, MD Professor, Department of Urology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Director of Urology, Allen Pavilion, New York Presbyterian Hospital

Erik T Goluboff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, American Urological Association, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York Academy of Medicine, Phi Beta Kappa, Society for Basic Urologic Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anil A Thomas, MD Urologist, Department of Urology, Sunnybrook Medical Office,Kaiser Permanente

Anil A Thomas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association, Endourological Society, Society of Robotic Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Scott Rutchik, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Scott Rutchik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD Paul A Bunn Professor of Cancer Research, Professor of Surgery and Pharmacology, Director, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center

Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Medical Society of Virginia, Society for Basic Urologic Research, and Society of Urologic Oncology

Disclosure: Key Genomics Ownership interest Co-Founder-50% Stock Ownership; KromaTiD, Inc Stock Options Board membership

What would you like to print?

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article