Priapism Questions & Answers

1. Podolej GS, Babcock C. Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. Emerg Med Pract. 2017 Jan. 19 (1):1-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Silberman M, Stormont G, Leslie SW, Hu EW. Priapism. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Kulmala RV, Lehtonen TA, Tammela TL. Preservation of potency after treatment for priapism. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1996 Aug. 30(4):313-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Lieberman L, Kirby M, Ozolins L, Mosko J, Friedman J. Initial presentation of unscreened children with sickle cell disease: the Toronto experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009 Sep. 53(3):397-400. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Hwang T, Shah T, Sadeghi-Nejad H. A Review of Antipsychotics and Priapism. Sex Med Rev. 2020 Nov 16. 21(8):898-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Dubin J, Davis JE. Penile emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011 Aug. 29(3):485-99. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. [Guideline] Bivalacqua TJ, Allen BK, Brock GB, Broderick GA, Chou R, Kohler TS, et al. The Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Ischemic Priapism, Priapism in Sickle Cell Patients, and Non-Ischemic Priapism: An AUA/SMSNA Guideline. J Urol. 2022 Jul. 208 (1):43-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Donaldson JF, Rees RW, Steinbrecher HA. Priapism in children: a comprehensive review and clinical guideline. J Pediatr Urol. 2013 Sep 8. pii: S1477-5131(13):00214-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. De Luca F, Zacharakis E, Shabbir M, Maurizi A, Manzi E, Zanghì A, et al. Malignant priapism due to penile metastases: Case series and literature review. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2016 Jul 4. 88 (2):150-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Eiland LS, Bell EA, Erramouspe J. Priapism associated with the use of stimulant medications and atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Ann Pharmacother. 2014 Oct. 48 (10):1350-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Munarriz R, Hwang J, Goldstein I, Traish AM, Kim NN. Cocaine and ephedrine-induced priapism: case reports and investigation of potential adrenergic mechanisms. Urology. 2003 Jul. 62(1):187-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Lin YY, Chu SJ, Tsai SH. Association between priapism and concurrent use of risperidone and Ginkgo biloba. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Oct. 82(10):1289-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Ruan X, Couch JP, Shah RV, Liu H, Wang F, and Chiravuri S. Priapism - A Rare Complication Following Continuous Epidural Morphine and Bupivacaine Infusion. Pain Physician. Sep 2007. 10(5):707-711. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Burnett AL, Anele UA, Trueheart IN, Strouse JJ, Casella JF. Randomized Controlled Trial of Sildenafil for Preventing Recurrent Ischemic Priapism in Sickle Cell Disease. Am J Med. 2014 Mar 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Quan D, Ruha AM. Priapism associated with Latrodectus mactans envenomation. Am J Emerg Med. 2009 Jul. 27(6):759.e1-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Roghmann F, Becker A, Sammon JD, Ouerghi M, Sun M, Sukumar S, et al. Incidence of priapism in emergency departments in the United States. J Urol. 2013 Oct. 190 (4):1275-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Cherian J, Rao AR, Thwaini A, Kapasi F, Shergill IS, Samman R. Medical and surgical management of priapism. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Feb. 82(964):89-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Eland IA, van der Lei J, Stricker BH, Sturkenboom MJ. Incidence of priapism in the general population. Urology. 2001 May. 57(5):970-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Gharahbaghian L. Clitoral priapism with no known risk factors. West J Emerg Med. 2008 Nov. 9 (4):235-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Nguyen J, Chin JJ, Blalock M. Probable drug-induced clitoral priapism due to potentiating effects of pregabalin and duloxetine. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2023 Jan 1. 80 (1):e14-e17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Anele UA, Burnett AL. Erectile dysfunction after sickle cell disease-associated recurrent ischemic priapism: profile and risk factors. J Sex Med. 2015 Mar. 12 (3):713-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Sui W, Onyeji IC, James MB, Stahl PJ, RoyChoudhury A, Anderson CB. Risk Factors for Priapism Readmission. J Sex Med. 2016 Oct. 13 (10):1555-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Mulloy E, Li S, Belladelli F, Del Giudice F, Glover F, Eisenberg ML. The Risk of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease in Men With a History of Priapism. J Urol. 2023 Jan. 209 (1):253-260. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. von Stempel C, Zacharakis E, Allen C, Ramachandran N, Walkden M, Minhas S, et al. Mean velocity and peak systolic velocity can help determine ischaemic and non-ischaemic priapism. Clin Radiol. 2017 Jul. 72 (7):611.e9-611.e16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Ballas SK, Lyon D. Safety and efficacy of blood exchange transfusion for priapism complicating sickle cell disease. J Clin Apher. 2015 Mar 25. 12(1):56-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Hou LT, Burnett AL. Regimented Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Use Reduces Emergency Department Visits for Recurrent Ischemic Priapism. J Urol. 2021 Feb. 205 (2):545-553. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Gravel J, LeBlanc C, Varner C. Management of priapism with a trial of exercise in the emergency department. CJEM. 2018 Mar 16. 1-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Roberts JR, Price C, Mazzeo T. Intracavernous epinephrine: a minimally invasive treatment for priapism in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2009 Apr. 36(3):285-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Kim KR, Shin JH, Song HY, Ko GY, Yoon HK, Sung KB, et al. Treatment of high-flow priapism with superselective transcatheter embolization in 27 patients: a multicenter study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007 Oct. 18(10):1222-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Chick JFB, J Bundy J, Gemmete JJ, Srinivasa RN, Dauw C, Srinivasa RN. Selective Penile Arterial Embolization Preserves Long-Term Erectile Function in Patients with Nonischemic Priapism: An 18-Year Experience. Urology. 2018 Dec. 122:116-120. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Osmonov DK, Aksenov A, Guerra Sandoval AN, Kalz A, Juenemann KP. Barry shunt for treatment of a 76-hour stuttering priapism without subsequent erectile dysfunction. Res Rep Urol. 2014. 6:91-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Micoogullari U, Unal S, Alijla A, Okulu E, Micoogullari LD, Kayigil O. Effectiveness of the caverno-dorsal vein shunt (Barry shunt) on prolonged ischaemic priapism and its effect on the post-operative long-term erectile function. Andrologia. 2021 Mar. 53 (2):e13945. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Mains E, Aboumarzouk O, Ahmad S, El-Mokadem I, Nabi G. A minimally invasive temporary cavernoso-saphenous shunt in the management of priapism after failed conservative treatment. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2011 Dec 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Reed-Maldonado AB, Kim JS, Lue TF. Avoiding complications: surgery for ischemic priapism. Transl Androl Urol. 2017 Aug. 6 (4):657-665. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Tausch TJ, Mauck R, Zhao LC, Morey AF. Penile prosthesis insertion for acute priapism. Urol Clin North Am. 2013 Aug. 40(3):421-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Sedigh O, Rolle L, Negro CL, Ceruti C, Timpano M, Galletto E, et al. Early insertion of inflatable prosthesis for intractable ischemic priapism: our experience and review of the literature. Int J Impot Res. 2011 Jul-Aug. 23(4):158-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Burnett AL. Surgical management of ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2012 Jan. 9(1):114-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Mishra K, Loeb A, Bukavina L, Baumgarten A, Beilan J, Mendez M, et al. Management of Priapism: A Contemporary Review. Sex Med Rev. 2020 Jan. 8 (1):131-139. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Fuchs JS, Shakir N, McKibben MJ, Mathur S, Teeple S, Scott JM, et al. Penoscrotal Decompression-Promising New Treatment Paradigm for Refractory Ischemic Priapism. J Sex Med. 2018 May. 15 (5):797-802. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Ekong A, Berg L, Amos RJ, Tsitsikas DA. Regular automated red cell exchange transfusion in the management of stuttering priapism complicating sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol. 2016 Oct 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Abern MR, Levine LA. Ketoconazole and prednisone to prevent recurrent ischemic priapism. J Urol. 2009 Oct. 182(4):1401-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Hoeh MP, Levine LA. Prevention of recurrent ischemic priapism with ketoconazole: evolution of a treatment protocol and patient outcomes. J Sex Med. 2014 Jan. 11(1):197-204. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Pierorazio PM, Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL. Daily phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy as rescue for recurrent ischemic priapism after failed androgen ablation. J Androl. 2011 Jul-Aug. 32(4):371-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Kashyap GL, Nayar J, Bashier A, Varghese S. Treatment of clozapine-induced priapism by goserline acetate injection. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct. 3(5):298-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Broderick GA. Priapism and sickle-cell anemia: diagnosis and nonsurgical therapy. J Sex Med. 2012 Jan. 9(1):88-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Lane A, Deveras R. Potential risks of chronic sildenafil use for priapism in sickle cell disease. J Sex Med. 2011 Nov. 8(11):3193-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. [Guideline] Salonia A, Eardley I, Giuliano F, Hatzichristou D, Moncada I, Vardi Y, et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on priapism. Eur Urol. 2014 Feb. 65(2):480-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Osama Al-Omar, MD, MBA, FACS, FEBU Associate Professor of Surgery, Chief of Pediatric Urology, Associate Program Director for Pediatric Urology, Urology Residency, Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, West Virginia University School of Medicine

Osama Al-Omar, MD, MBA, FACS, FEBU is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Urological Association, Society for Fetal Urology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Urological Association, Sexual Medicine Society of North America, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology, Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Endo, Antares.

Monica Parraga-Marquez, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Metropolitan Hospital Center; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Medical College

Monica Parraga-Marquez, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard A Santucci, MD, FACS Senior Surgeon, Crane Surgical Services

Richard A Santucci, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, International Society of Urology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hosam S Al-Qudah, MD Consultant Urologist and Transplant Surgeon, Division of Urology, Department of General Surgery, Saad Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Martin J Carey, MD, MB, BCh, MPH, FACEM, FRCS Program Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Martin J Carey, MD, MB, BCh, MPH, FACEM, FRCS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, British Medical Association, and Fellowship of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Colin M Dougherty, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-City Medical Center; Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser-Permanente, San Diego Medical Center/Kaiser Foundation Hospital

Colin M Dougherty, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lance W Kreplick, MD, FAAEM, MMM Medical Director of Hyperbaric Medicine, Fawcett Wound Management and Hyperbaric Medicine; Consulting Staff in Occupational Health and Rehabilitation, Company Care Occupational Health Services; President and Chief Executive Officer, QED Medical Solutions, LLC

Lance W Kreplick, MD, FAAEM, MMM, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Physician Executives

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health System

Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, Medical Society of Delaware, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

M Tyson Pillow, MD, MEd Associate Residency Director, Section of Emergency Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital; Assistant Professor, Director of Simulation Program, Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, Baylor College of Medicine

M Tyson Pillow, MD, MEd is a member of the following medical societies: Air Medical Physician Association, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Student Association/Foundation, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Student National Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Allison J Richard, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Associate Director, Division of International Medicine, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, LAC+USC Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard H Sinert, DO Professor of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Research Director, State University of New York College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center

Richard H Sinert, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Paul S Wahlheim, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center

Paul S Wahlheim, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article