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Levi A Deters, MD Attending Physician, Spokane Urology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Raymond A Costabile, MD Jay Y Gillenwater Professor of Urology and Vice Chairman, Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Strategy, University of Virginia Health System

Raymond A Costabile, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, American Society of Andrology, American Urological Association, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Raymond J Leveillee, MD, FRCS(Glasg) Professor of Clinical Urology, Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Endourology/Laparoscopy and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Urology, Jackson Memorial Hospital

Raymond J Leveillee, MD, FRCS(Glasg) is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association, Endourological Society, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons

Disclosure: Received honoraria from ACMI/Gyrus for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Boston Scientific for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Applied Medical for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Intuitive Surgical for speaking and teaching; Received grant/research funds from Intio for other.

Charles R Moore, MD Endourology Fellow, Department of Urology, University of Miami School of Medicine

Charles R Moore, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vipul R Patel, MD Consulting Surgeon, Global Robotics Institute, Florida Hospital Celebration Health

Vipul R Patel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Endourological Society, Ohio State Medical Association, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Intuitive Surgical for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Pfizer for speaking and teaching.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Urological Association, Sexual Medicine Society of North America, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology, Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Vincent G Bird, MD, to the development and writing of the source article.

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