Bladder Cancer Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Bladder Cancer. NCCN.org. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/bladder.pdf. Version 3.2022 — December 21, 2022; Accessed: January 18, 2023.

2. Escudero DO, Shirodkar SP, Lokeshwar VB. Bladder Carcinogenesis and Molecular Pathways. Lokeshwar VB. Bladder Tumors: Molecular Aspects and Clinical Management. New York: Springer Science; 2010. 23-41.

3. Spruck CH 3rd, Ohneseit PF, Gonzalez-Zulueta M, Esrig D, Miyao N, Tsai YC, et al. Two molecular pathways to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res. 1994 Feb 1. 54(3):784-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Trias I, Algaba F, Condom E, Español I, Seguí J, Orsola I, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Presentation of 23 cases and review of 134 published cases. Eur Urol. 2001 Jan. 39(1):85-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Compérat EM, Burger M, Gontero P, Mostafid AH, Palou J, Rouprêt M, et al. Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma and The New "World Health Organisation Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs 2016". Eur Urol Focus. 2019 May. 5 (3):457-466. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Bessette PL, Abell MR, Herwig KR. A clinicopathologic study of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 1974 Jul. 112(1):66-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Faysal MH. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 1981 Nov. 126(5):598-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Lagwinski N, Thomas A, Stephenson AJ, Campbell S, Hoschar AP, El-Gabry E, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 45 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007 Dec. 31(12):1777-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. El-Sebaie M, Zaghloul MS, Howard G, Mokhtar A. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bilharzial and non-bilharzial urinary bladder: a review of etiological features, natural history, and management. Int J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb. 10(1):20-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Heyns CF, van der Merwe A. Bladder cancer in Africa. Can J Urol. 2008 Feb. 15(1):3899-908. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Tomlinson DC, Baldo O, Harnden P, Knowles MA. FGFR3 protein expression and its relationship to mutation status and prognostic variables in bladder cancer. J Pathol. 2007 Sep. 213(1):91-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Eswarakumar VP, Lax I, Schlessinger J. Cellular signaling by fibroblast growth factor receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2005 Apr. 16(2):139-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Fadl-Elmula I. Chromosomal changes in uroepithelial carcinomas. Cell Chromosome. 2005 Aug 7. 4:1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Knowles MA. Molecular subtypes of bladder cancer: Jekyll and Hyde or chalk and cheese?. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Mar. 27(3):361-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Salinas-Sánchez AS, Lorenzo-Romero JG, Giménez-Bachs JM, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Donate-Moreno MJ, Rubio-Del-Campo A, et al. Implications of p53 gene mutations on patient survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a long-term study. Urol Oncol. 2008 Nov-Dec. 26(6):620-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Miyamoto H, Shuin T, Ikeda I, Hosaka M, Kubota Y. Loss of heterozygosity at the p53, RB, DCC and APC tumor suppressor gene loci in human bladder cancer. J Urol. 1996 Apr. 155(4):1444-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Karam JA, Lotan Y, Karakiewicz PI, Ashfaq R, Sagalowsky AI, Roehrborn CG, et al. Use of combined apoptosis biomarkers for prediction of bladder cancer recurrence and mortality after radical cystectomy. Lancet Oncol. 2007 Feb. 8(2):128-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Campbell SC, Volpert OV, Ivanovich M, Bouck NP. Molecular mediators of angiogenesis in bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 1998 Mar 15. 58(6):1298-304. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Chan KS, Espinosa I, Chao M, Wong D, Ailles L, Diehn M, et al. Identification, molecular characterization, clinical prognosis, and therapeutic targeting of human bladder tumor-initiating cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 18. 106(33):14016-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Sanchez-Carbayo M, Socci ND, Lozano J, Saint F, Cordon-Cardo C. Defining molecular profiles of poor outcome in patients with invasive bladder cancer using oligonucleotide microarrays. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Feb 10. 24(5):778-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Brennan P, Bogillot O, Cordier S, Greiser E, Schill W, Vineis P, et al. Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. Int J Cancer. 2000 Apr 15. 86(2):289-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Fortuny J, Kogevinas M, Chang-Claude J, González CA, Hours M, Jöckel KH, et al. Tobacco, occupation and non-transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder: an international case-control study. Int J Cancer. 1999 Jan 5. 80(1):44-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC. Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. JAMA. 2011 Aug 17. 306(7):737-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Cumberbatch MG, Cox A, Teare D, Catto JW. Contemporary Occupational Carcinogen Exposure and Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Dec. 1 (9):1282-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Baris D, Waddell R, Beane Freeman LE, Schwenn M, Colt JS, et al. Elevated Bladder Cancer in Northern New England: The Role of Drinking Water and Arsenic. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016 Sep. 108 (9):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Nelson R. Arsenic-Contaminated Well Water Boosts Bladder Cancer Risk. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/862914. May 5, 2016; Accessed: May 7, 2016.

27. Stein JP, Skinner EC, Boyd SD, Skinner DG. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder associated with cyclophosphamide therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis: a report of 2 cases. J Urol. 1993 Mar. 149(3):588-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Figueroa JD, Koutros S, Colt JS, Kogevinas M, Garcia-Closas M, et al. Modification of Occupational Exposures on Bladder Cancer Risk by Common Genetic Polymorphisms. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015 Nov. 107 (11):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. El-Bolkainy MN, Mokhtar NM, Ghoneim MA, Hussein MH. The impact of schistosomiasis on the pathology of bladder carcinoma. Cancer. 1981 Dec 15. 48(12):2643-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Botelho M, Ferreira AC, Oliveira MJ, Domingues A, Machado JC, da Costa JM. Schistosoma haematobium total antigen induces increased proliferation, migration and invasion, and decreases apoptosis of normal epithelial cells. Int J Parasitol. 2009 Aug. 39(10):1083-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Ahmad I, Barnetson RJ, Krishna NS. Keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the bladder: a review. Urol Int. 2008. 81(3):247-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Khan MS, Thornhill JA, Gaffney E, Loftus B, Butler MR. Keratinising squamous metaplasia of the bladder: natural history and rationalization of management based on review of 54 years experience. Eur Urol. 2002 Nov. 42(5):469-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Newman DM, Brown JR, Jay AC, Pontius EE. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 1968 Oct. 100(4):470-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Faysal MH, Freiha FS. Primary neoplasm in vesical diverticula. A report of 12 cases. Br J Urol. 1981 Apr. 53(2):141-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Yurdakul T, Avunduk MC, Piskin MM. Pure squamous cell carcinoma after intravesical BCG treatment. A case report. Urol Int. 2005. 74(3):283-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. STUART WT. Carcinoma of the bladder associated with exstrophy. Report of a case and review of the literature. Va Med Mon (1918). 1962 Jan. 89:39-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Ribeiro JC, Silva C, Sousa L, García P, Santos A. [Squamous cell carcinoma in bladder extrophy]. Actas Urol Esp. 2005 Jan. 29(1):110-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Gupta S, Gupta IM. Ectopia vesicae complicated by squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Urol. 1976 Aug. 48(4):244. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Rieder JM, Parsons JK, Gearhart JP, Schoenberg M. Primary squamous cell carcinoma in unreconstructed exstrophic bladder. Urology. 2006 Jan. 67(1):199. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Sheldon CA, Clayman RV, Gonzalez R, Williams RD, Fraley EE. Malignant urachal lesions. J Urol. 1984 Jan. 131(1):1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Lin RY, Rappoport AE, Deppisch LM, Natividad NS, Katz W. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urachus. J Urol. 1977 Dec. 118(6):1066-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. SHAW RE. Squamous-cell carcinoma in a cyst of the urachus. Br J Urol. 1958 Mar. 30(1):87-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Chow YC, Lin WC, Tzen CY, Chow YK, Lo KY. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urachus. J Urol. 2000 Mar. 163(3):903-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Fujiyama C, Nakashima N, Tokuda Y, Uozumi J. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urachus. Int J Urol. 2007 Oct. 14(10):966-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Cancer Facts & Figures 2023. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2023/2023-cancer-facts-and-figures.pdf. Accessed: January 23, 2023.

46. Cancer Stat Facts: Bladder Cancer. National Cancer Institute. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html. Accessed: January 23, 2023.

47. Dawson C, Whitfield H. ABC of Urology. Urological malignancy--II: Urothelial tumours. BMJ. 1996 Apr 27. 312(7038):1090-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Schafer EJ, Jemal A, Wiese D, Sung H, Kratzer TB, Islami F, et al. Disparities and Trends in Genitourinary Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the USA. Eur Urol. 2022 Dec 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

49. Abrahams NA, Moran C, Reyes AO, Siefker-Radtke A, Ayala AG. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary clinicopathological study of 51 cases. Histopathology. 2005 Jan. 46(1):57-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Lohrisch C, Murray N, Pickles T, Sullivan L. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder: long term outcome with integrated chemoradiation. Cancer. 1999 Dec 1. 86(11):2346-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Gouda I, Mokhtar N, Bilal D, El-Bolkainy T, El-Bolkainy NM. Bilharziasis and bladder cancer: a time trend analysis of 9843 patients. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2007 Jun. 19(2):158-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Felix AS, Soliman AS, Khaled H, Zaghloul MS, Banerjee M, El-Baradie M, et al. The changing patterns of bladder cancer in Egypt over the past 26 years. Cancer Causes Control. 2008 May. 19(4):421-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Elsobky E, El-Baz M, Gomha M, Abol-Enein H, Shaaban AA. Prognostic value of angiogenesis in schistosoma-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Urology. 2002 Jul. 60(1):69-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Griffiths TR, Charlton M, Neal DE, Powell PH. Treatment of carcinoma in situ with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin without maintenance. J Urol. 2002 Jun. 167(6):2408-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Pycha A, Mian C, Posch B, Haitel A, Mokhtar AA, El-Baz M, et al. Numerical chromosomal aberrations in muscle invasive squamous cell and transitional cell cancer of the urinary bladder: an alternative to classic prognostic indicators?. Urology. 1999 May. 53(5):1005-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Shaaban AA, Javadpour N, Tribukait B, Ghoneim MA. Prognostic significance of flow-DNA analysis and cell surface isoantigens in carcinoma of bilharzial bladder. Urology. 1992 Mar. 39(3):207-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Ghoneim MA, Ashamallah AK, Awaad HK, Whitmore WF Jr. Randomized trial of cystectomy with or without preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder. J Urol. 1985 Aug. 134(2):266-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Cheng L, Pan CX, Yang XJ, Lopez-Beltran A, MacLennan GT, Lin H, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 64 patients. Cancer. 2004 Sep 1. 101(5):957-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Shahab N. Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Semin Oncol. 2007 Feb. 34(1):15-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Mackey JR, Au HJ, Hugh J, Venner P. Genitourinary small cell carcinoma: determination of clinical and therapeutic factors associated with survival. J Urol. 1998 May. 159(5):1624-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Choong NW, Quevedo JF, Kaur JS. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The Mayo Clinic experience. Cancer. 2005 Mar 15. 103(6):1172-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. van Rhijn BW, Burger M, Lotan Y, Solsona E, Stief CG, Sylvester RJ, et al. Recurrence and progression of disease in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: from epidemiology to treatment strategy. Eur Urol. 2009 Sep. 56(3):430-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Fernandez-Gomez J, Solsona E, Unda M, Martinez-Piñeiro L, Gonzalez M, Hernandez R, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin: multivariate analysis of data from four randomized CUETO trials. Eur Urol. 2008 May. 53(5):992-1001. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Lotan Y, Inman B, Porten S. Bladder Neoplasms: Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. AUA. Available at https://university.auanet.org/modules/webapps/core/index.cfm#/corecontent/76. March 21, 2021; Accessed: February 1, 2023.

65. [Guideline] Barocas DA, Boorjian SA, Alvarez RD, Downs TM, Gross CP, Hamilton BD, et al. Microhematuria: AUA/SUFU Guideline. J Urol. 2020 Oct. 204 (4):778-786. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

66. Cha EK, Tirsar LA, Schwentner C, Christos PJ, Mian C, Hennenlotter J, et al. Immunocytology is a strong predictor of bladder cancer presence in patients with painless hematuria: a multicentre study. Eur Urol. 2012 Jan. 61(1):185-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Strittmatter F, Buchner A, Karl A, Sommer ML, Straub J, Tilki D, et al. Individual learning curve reduces the clinical value of urinary cytology. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2011 Sep. 9(1):22-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Lotan Y, Roehrborn CG. Cost-effectiveness of a modified care protocol substituting bladder tumor markers for cystoscopy for the followup of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a decision analytical approach. J Urol. 2002 Jan. 167(1):75-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. [Guideline] Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Compérat EM, Dominguez Escrig JL, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and Carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol. 2022 Jan. 81 (1):75-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

70. Apolo AB, Vogelzang NJ, Theodorescu D. New and promising strategies in the management of bladder cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2015. 35:105-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

71. Murphy WM, Crabtree WN, Jukkola AF, Soloway MS. The diagnostic value of urine versus bladder washing in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol. 1981 Sep. 126(3):320-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Lokeshwar VB, Soloway MS. Current bladder tumor tests: does their projected utility fulfill clinical necessity?. J Urol. 2001 Apr. 165(4):1067-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Grossman HB, Soloway M, Messing E, Katz G, Stein B, Kassabian V, et al. Surveillance for recurrent bladder cancer using a point-of-care proteomic assay. JAMA. 2006 Jan 18. 295(3):299-305. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Al-Sukhun S, Hussain M. Molecular biology of transitional cell carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003 Aug. 47(2):181-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Halling KC, Kipp BR. Bladder cancer detection using FISH (UroVysion assay). Adv Anat Pathol. 2008 Sep. 15(5):279-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Soloway MS, Briggman V, Carpinito GA, Chodak GW, Church PA, Lamm DL, et al. Use of a new tumor marker, urinary NMP22, in the detection of occult or rapidly recurring transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract following surgical treatment. J Urol. 1996 Aug. 156(2 Pt 1):363-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. van Rhijn BW, van der Poel HG, van der Kwast TH. Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2005 Jun. 47 (6):736-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Hall MC, Chang SS, Dalbagni G, Pruthi RS, Seigne JD, Skinner EC, et al. Guideline for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1, and Tis): 2007 update. J Urol. 2007 Dec. 178(6):2314-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. American Joint Committee on Cancer. Urinary bladder. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.

80. Svatek RS, Daneshmand S, Singh P. Bladder Neoplasms: Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. AUA. Available at https://university.auanet.org/modules/webapps/core/index.cfm#/corecontent/177. March 1, 2021; Accessed: January 23, 2023.

81. PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Bladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. January 18, 2023. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

82. Chedgy EC, Black PC. Radical Cystectomy and the Multidisciplinary Management of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016 May 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Mitin T. Rethinking Radical Cystectomy as the Best Choice for Most Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016 May 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

84. Teo MT, Dyrskjøt L, Nsengimana J, Buchwald C, Snowden H, Morgan J, et al. Next-generation sequencing identifies germline MRE11A variants as markers of radiotherapy outcomes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Ann Oncol. 2014 Apr. 25 (4):877-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

85. Serretta V, Galuffo A, Pavone C, Allegro R, Pavone-MacAluso M. Gemcitabine in intravesical treatment of Ta-T1 transitional cell carcinoma of bladder: Phase I-II study on marker lesions. Urology. 2005 Jan. 65(1):65-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Witjes JA, Kurth K. Bacillus calmette-guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol. 2005 Jul. 174(1):86-91; discussion 91-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Witjes JA, Hendricksen K. Intravesical pharmacotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a critical analysis of currently available drugs, treatment schedules, and long-term results. Eur Urol. 2008 Jan. 53(1):45-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Zaharoff DA, Hoffman BS, Hooper HB, Benjamin CJ Jr, Khurana KK, Hance KW, et al. Intravesical immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer with chitosan/interleukin-12. Cancer Res. 2009 Aug 1. 69(15):6192-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

89. Islam MA, Bhuiyan ZH, Shameem IA. Intravesical adjuvant therapy using mitomycin C. Mymensingh Med J. 2006 Jan. 15(1):40-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Herr HW, Dalbagni G, Donat SM. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin without maintenance therapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2011 Jul. 60(1):32-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Schmidbauer J, Witjes F, Schmeller N, Donat R, Susani M, Marberger M. Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy. J Urol. 2004 Jan. 171(1):135-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Jichlinski P, Guillou L, Karlsen SJ, Malmström PU, Jocham D, Brennhovd B, et al. Hexyl aminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy: new diagnostic tool for photodiagnosis of superficial bladder cancer--a multicenter study. J Urol. 2003 Jul. 170(1):226-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Hungerhuber E, Stepp H, Kriegmair M, Stief C, Hofstetter A, Hartmann A, et al. Seven years' experience with 5-aminolevulinic acid in detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology. 2007 Feb. 69(2):260-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Kausch I, Sommerauer M, Montorsi F, Stenzl A, Jacqmin D, Jichlinski P, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of prospective studies. Eur Urol. 2010 Apr. 57(4):595-606. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Waknine Y. FDA Approves Cysview for Cystoscopic Detection of Papillary Bladder Cancer. Medscape Medical News, June 4, 2010. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/722923. Accessed: January 10, 2013.

96. Booth CM, Tannock IF. Benefits of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Sep. 1 (6):727-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Standard or Extended Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Treating Patients Undergoing Surgery for Invasive Bladder Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov. ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01224665. Accessed: August 17, 2018.

98. Mukesh M, Cook N, Hollingdale AE, Ainsworth NL, Russell SG. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a 15-year retrospective review of treatment and survival in the Anglian Cancer Network. BJU Int. 2009 Mar. 103(6):747-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Brinkman MT, Karagas MR, Zens MS, Schned A, Reulen RC, Zeegers MP. Minerals and vitamins and the risk of bladder cancer: results from the New Hampshire Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Apr. 21(4):609-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

100. Boorjian SA, Alemozaffar M, Konety BR, Shore ND, Gomella LG, Kamat AM, et al. Intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec gene therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a single-arm, open-label, repeat-dose clinical trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jan. 22 (1):107-117. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

101. O'Donnell MA, Lilli K, Leopold C. Interim results from a national multicenter phase II trial of combination bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus interferon alfa-2b for superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 2004 Sep. 172(3):888-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Nepple KG, Lightfoot AJ, Rosevear HM, O'Donnell MA, Lamm DL. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin with or without interferon a-2b and megadose versus recommended daily allowance vitamins during induction and maintenance intravesical treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 2010 Nov. 184(5):1915-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Kamat AM, Dickstein RJ, Messetti F, Anderson R, Pretzsch SM, Gonzalez GN, et al. Use of fluorescence in situ hybridization to predict response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for bladder cancer: results of a prospective trial. J Urol. 2012 Mar. 187(3):862-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

104. Mulcahy N. FDA Approves Pembrolizumab for High-Risk Bladder Cancer. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/923568. January 8, 2020; Accessed: January 9, 2020.

105. Balar AV, Kulkarni GS, Uchio EM, Boormans J, Mourey L, Krieger LEM, et al. Keynote 057: Phase II trial of Pembrolizumab (pembro) for patients (pts) with high-risk (HR) nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) unresponsive to bacillus calmette-guérin (BCG). Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 7_suppl (March 01, 2019) 350-350. [Full Text].

106. Barlow L, McKiernan JM, Benson MC. Long-term survival outcomes with intravesical docetaxel for recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after previous bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy. J Urol. 2013 Mar. 189(3):834-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Schmidbauer J, Witjes F, Schmeller N, Donat R, Susani M, Marberger M. Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy. J Urol. 2004 Jan. 171(1):135-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Jichlinski P, Guillou L, Karlsen SJ, Malmström PU, Jocham D, Brennhovd B, et al. Hexyl aminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy: new diagnostic tool for photodiagnosis of superficial bladder cancer--a multicenter study. J Urol. 2003 Jul. 170(1):226-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Hungerhuber E, Stepp H, Kriegmair M, Stief C, Hofstetter A, Hartmann A, et al. Seven years' experience with 5-aminolevulinic acid in detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology. 2007 Feb. 69(2):260-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Fradet Y, Grossman HB, Gomella L, Lerner S, Cookson M, Albala D, et al. A comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situ in patients with bladder cancer: a phase III, multicenter study. J Urol. 2007 Jul. 178(1):68-73; discussion 73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Jocham D, Witjes F, Wagner S, Zeylemaker B, van Moorselaar J, Grimm MO, et al. Improved detection and treatment of bladder cancer using hexaminolevulinate imaging: a prospective, phase III multicenter study. J Urol. 2005 Sep. 174(3):862-6; discussion 866. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Stenzl A, Burger M, Fradet Y, Mynderse LA, Soloway MS, Witjes JA, et al. Hexaminolevulinate guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 2010 Nov. 184(5):1907-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Hermann GG, Mogensen K, Carlsson S, Marcussen N, Duun S. Fluorescence-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumours reduces bladder tumour recurrence due to less residual tumour tissue in Ta/T1 patients: a randomized two-centre study. BJU Int. 2011 Oct. 108(8 Pt 2):E297-303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Tilki D, Reich O, Svatek RS, Karakiewicz PI, Kassouf W, Novara G, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with clinical carcinoma in situ only treated with radical cystectomy: an international study of 243 patients. J Urol. 2010 May. 183(5):1757-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

115. Djaladat H, Bruins HM, Miranda G, Cai J, Skinner EC, Daneshmand S. Reproductive organ involvement in female patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial bladder cancer. J Urol. Dec 2012. 188:2134-2138.

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Kara N Babaian, MD, FACS Assistant Professor, Director of Urologic Oncology, Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

Kara N Babaian, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Urological Association, European Association of Urology, North Central Section of the American Urological Association (AUA), Society of Urologic Oncology, Society of Women in Urology

Disclosure: Participation in a clinical trial for: Janssen.

Parker G Adams, BS DO Candidate, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

Parker G Adams, BS is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Courtney McClure, DO Resident Physician, Department of Urology, Ascension Healthcare

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Brandon Tompkins, BS DO Candidate, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Megan McMurray, DO Resident Physician, Department of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

Megan McMurray, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Urologists, American Urological Association, Association of Women Surgeons, Society of Women in Urology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS Professor of Urology, Director, Center for Laparoscopy and Endourology, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, Endourological Society, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons, Society of University Urologists

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Endourological Society Board of Directors; President Elect North Central Section of the American Urological Association<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Cook Medical.

Gary D Steinberg, MD, FACS Professor and Director, Perlmutter Cancer Center, Goldstein Bladder Cancer Program, NYU Langone Health, NYU Urology Associates

Gary D Steinberg, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Urological Association, International Society of Urology, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons, Society of Urologic Oncology

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Heat Biologics; CG Oncology; PhotoCure; Merck; Roche/Genentech; Ciclomed; Taris Biomedical (now Janssen); MDxHealth; Fidia Farmaceuticals; Urogen, Ferring; Aduro; Boston Scientific; Bristol Myers Squibb; Astra Zeneca; Pfizer, Janssen; others<br/>Member of Clinical Trial Protocol Committees for: for: Merck; BMS; Janssen; CG Oncology; Pfizer; PhotoCure; Fidia; Seagen; Protara.

Kush Sachdeva, MD Southern Oncology and Hematology Associates, Inspira Health Network

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Bagi RP Jana, MD, MBA, MHA, FACP Professor of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center; Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

Bagi RP Jana, MD, MBA, MHA, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, SWOG

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sujeet S Acharya, MD Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences, The Pritzker School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Brendan Curti, MD Director, Genitourinary Oncology Research, Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center

Brendan Curti, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Oregon Medical Association, and Society for Biological Therapy

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward M Gong, MD Fellow, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark H Katz, MD Fellow in Urologic Oncology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center

Mark H Katz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Urological Association, Endourological Society, and Society of Urologic Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hyung L Kim, MD Associate Professor, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD Paul A Bunn Professor of Cancer Research, Professor of Surgery and Pharmacology, Director, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center

Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Medical Society of Virginia, Society for Basic Urologic Research, and Society of Urologic Oncology

Disclosure: Key Genomics Ownership interest Co-Founder-50% Stock Ownership; KromaTiD, Inc Stock Options Board membership

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