Overactive Bladder in Children Questions & Answers

1. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002. 21(2):167-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Franco I. Overactive bladder in children. Part 1: Pathophysiology. J Urol. 2007 Sep. 178(3 Pt 1):761-8; discussion 768. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Fitzgerald MP, Thom DH, Wassel-Fyr C, et al. Childhood urinary symptoms predict adult overactive bladder symptoms. J Urol. 2006 Mar. 175(3 Pt 1):989-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Dator DP, Hatchett L, Dyro FM, Shefner JM, Bauer SB. Urodynamic dysfunction in walking myelodysplastic children. J Urol. 1992 Aug. 148(2 Pt 1):362-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Peters CA, Bolkier M, Bauer SB, Hendren WH, Colodny AH, Mandell J, et al. The urodynamic consequences of posterior urethral valves. J Urol. 1990 Jul. 144(1):122-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Chung JM, Lee SD, Kang DI, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of overactive bladder in Korean children 5-13 years old: a nationwide multicenter study. Urology. 2009 Jan. 73(1):63-7; discussion 68-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Malykhina AP, Brodie KE, Wilcox DT. Genitourinary and gastrointestinal co-morbidities in children: The role of neural circuits in regulation of visceral function. J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Apr. 13 (2):177-182. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Bloom DA, Seeley WW, Ritchey ML, McGuire EJ. Toilet habits and continence in children: an opportunity sampling in search of normal parameters. J Urol. 1993 May. 149(5):1087-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Kuh D, Cardozo L, Hardy R. Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Aug. 53(8):453-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Sureshkumar P, Craig JC, Roy LP, Knight JF. Daytime urinary incontinence in primary school children: a population-based survey. J Pediatr. 2000 Dec. 137(6):814-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Järvelin MR, Vikeväinen-Tervonen L, Moilanen I, Huttunen NP. Enuresis in seven-year-old children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988 Jan. 77(1):148-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Forsythe WI, Redmond A. Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate. Study of 1129 enuretis. Arch Dis Child. 1974 Apr. 49(4):259-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Himsl KK, Hurwitz RS. Pediatric urinary incontinence. Urol Clin North Am. 1991 May. 18(2):283-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Hellstrom AL, Hanson E, Hansson S, Hjalmas K, Jodal U. Micturition habits and incontinence in 7-year-old Swedish school entrants. Eur J Pediatr. 1990 Mar. 149(6):434-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Curran MJ, Kaefer M, Peters C, Logigian E, Bauer SB. The overactive bladder in childhood: long-term results with conservative management. J Urol. 2000 Feb. 163(2):574-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Burgers R, de Jong TP, Visser M, Di Lorenzo C, Dijkgraaf MG, Benninga MA. Functional Defecation Disorders in Children with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. J Urol. 2012 Oct 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. van Gool JD, de Jonge GA. Urge syndrome and urge incontinence. Arch Dis Child. 1989 Nov. 64(11):1629-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Lettgen B, von Gontard A, Olbing H, Heiken-Lowenau C, Gaebel E, Schmitz I. Urge incontinence and voiding postponement in children: somatic and psychosocial factors. Acta Paediatr. 2002. 91(9):978-84; discussion 895-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D, et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr. 130(5):1527-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Riegler G, Esposito I. Bristol scale stool form. A still valid help in medical practice and clinical research. Tech Coloproctol. 2001 Dec. 5(3):163-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. van den Bosch M, Graafmans D, Nievelstein R, Beek E. Systematic assessment of constipation on plain abdominal radiographs in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2006 Mar. 36(3):224-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Koh H, Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Shin JI, Chung KS. Simple diagnostic approach to childhood fecal retention using the Leech score and Bristol stool form scale in medical practice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Feb. 25(2):334-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Cvitkovic-Kuzmic A, Brkljacic B, Ivankovic D, Grga A. Ultrasound assessment of detrusor muscle thickness in children with non-neuropathic bladder/sphincter dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2002 Feb. 41(2):214-8; discussion 218-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Müller L, Bergström T, Hellström M, Svensson E, Jacobsson B. Standardized ultrasound method for assessing detrusor muscle thickness in children. J Urol. 2000 Jul. 164(1):134-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Franco I. Overactive bladder in children. Part 2: Management. J Urol. 2007 Sep. 178(3 Pt 1):769-74; discussion 774. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Kim JH, Lee JH, Jung AY, Lee JW. The prevalence and therapeutic effect of constipation in pediatric overactive bladder. Int Neurourol J. 2011 Dec. 15(4):206-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Loening-Baucke V. Urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection and their resolution with treatment of chronic constipation of childhood. Pediatrics. 1997 Aug. 100(2 Pt 1):228-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Kjølseth D, Madsen B, Knudsen LM, Nørgaard JP, Djurhuus JC. Biofeedback treatment of children and adults with idiopathic detrusor instability. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1994 Sep. 28(3):243-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Youdim K, Kogan BA. Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of extended-release oxybutynin in children. Urology. 2002 Mar. 59(3):428-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Palmer LS, Zebold K, Firlit CF, Kaplan WE. Complications of intravesical oxybutynin chloride therapy in the pediatric myelomeningocele population. J Urol. 1997 Feb. 157(2):638-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Ferrara P, D'Aleo CM, Tarquini E, Salvatore S, Salvaggio E. Side-effects of oral or intravesical oxybutynin chloride in children with spina bifida. BJU Int. 2001 May. 87(7):674-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Hjälmås K, Hellström AL, Mogren K, Läckgren G, Stenberg A. The overactive bladder in children: a potential future indication for tolterodine. BJU Int. 2001 Apr. 87(6):569-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Franco I, Arlen AM, Collett-Gardere T, Zelkovic PF. Imipramine for refractory daytime incontinence in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Urol. 2018 Feb. 14 (1):58.e1-58.e5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Lopez Pereira P, Miguelez C, Caffarati J, Estornell F, Anguera A. Trospium chloride for the treatment of detrusor instability in children. J Urol. 2003 Nov. 170(5):1978-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Bolduc S, Moore K, Nadeau G, Lebel S, Lamontagne P, Hamel M. Prospective open label study of solifenacin for overactive bladder in children. J Urol. 2010 Oct. 184(4 Suppl):1668-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Nadeau G, Schröder A, Moore K, Genois L, Lamontagne P, Hamel M, et al. Long-term use of solifenacin in pediatric patients with overactive bladder: Extension of a prospective open-label study. Can Urol Assoc J. 2014 Mar. 8 (3-4):118-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Hoebeke P, De Pooter J, De Caestecker K, et al. Solifenacin for therapy resistant overactive bladder. J Urol. 2009 Oct. 182(4 Suppl):2040-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Lee SD, Chung JM, Kang DI, Ryu DS, Cho WY, Park S. Efficacy and Tolerability of Solifenacin 5 mg Fixed Dose in Korean Children with Newly Diagnosed Idiopathic Overactive Bladder: a Multicenter Prospective Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2017 Feb. 32 (2):329-334. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Newgreen D, Bosman B, Hollestein-Havelaar A, Dahler E, Besuyen R, Sawyer W, et al. Solifenacin in Children and Adolescents with Overactive Bladder: Results of a Phase 3 Randomised Clinical Trial. Eur Urol. 2017 Mar. 71 (3):483-490. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Malhotra B, El-Tahtawy A, Wang EQ, et al. Dose-escalating study of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of fesoterodine in children with overactive bladder. J Pediatr Urol. 2012 Aug. 8(4):336-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Open-label phase 3 study with mirabegron in children from 3 to less than 18 years of age with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02751931. 2020 Oct 22; Accessed: March 29, 2021.

42. Blais AS, Nadeau G, Moore K, Genois L, Bolduc S. Prospective Pilot Study of Mirabegron in Pediatric Patients with Overactive Bladder. Eur Urol. 2016 Jul. 70 (1):9-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Kuo HC. Effect of botulinum a toxin in the treatment of voiding dysfunction due to detrusor underactivity. Urology. 2003 Mar. 61(3):550-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Moore DC, Cohn JA, Dmochowski RR. Use of Botulinum Toxin A in the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders: A Review of the Literature. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Mar 23. 8 (4):88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Hsieh PF, Chiu HC, Chen KC, Chang CH, Chou EC. Botulinum toxin A for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Feb 29. 8 (3):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Hohenfellner M, Dahms SE, Matzel K, Thüroff JW. Sacral neuromodulation for treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. BJU Int. 2000 May. 85 Suppl 3:10-9; discussion 22-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Klingler HC, Pycha A, Schmidbauer J, Marberger M. Use of peripheral neuromodulation of the S3 region for treatment of detrusor overactivity: a urodynamic-based study. Urology. 2000 Nov 1. 56(5):766-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Barroso U Jr, Carvalho MT, Veiga ML, Moraes MM, Cunha CC, Lordêlo P. Urodynamic outcome of parasacral transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation for overactive bladder in children. Int Braz J Urol. 2015 Jul-Aug. 41 (4):739-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Patidar N, Mittal V, Kumar M, Sureka SK, Arora S, Ansari MS. Transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in pediatric overactive bladder: A preliminary report. J Pediatr Urol. 2015 Jul 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Gurocak S, Konac E, Ure I, Senol C, Onen IH, Sozen S, et al. The Impact of Gene Polymorphisms on the Success of Anticholinergic Treatment in Children with Overactive Bladder. Dis Markers. 2015. 2015:732686. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Kinlaw AC, Jonsson Funk M, Steiner MJ, Conover MM, Pate V, Wu JM. Trends in Pharmacotherapy for Bladder Dysfunction Among Children in the United States, 2000 to 2013. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016 Apr 13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Ditropan XL [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 08/2017. Available at [Full Text].

Pamela I Ellsworth, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology, Nemours Children's Hospital; Professor of Urology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine

Pamela I Ellsworth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Society for Fetal Urology, Society of Women in Urology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Katherine M Callaghan University of Massachusetts Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Urological Association, Sexual Medicine Society of North America, Society for Male Reproduction and Urology, Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gamal Mostafa Ghoniem, MD, FACS Professor and Vice Chair of Urology, Chief, Division of Female Urology, Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, and Voiding Dysfunction, Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine

Gamal Mostafa Ghoniem, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urogynecologic Society, American Urological Association, International Continence Society, International Urogynaecology Association, Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Astellas<br/>Received research grant from: Uroplasty/Cogentix, Astellas, Allergen.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article