Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease Questions & Answers

1. Selvin E, Erlinger TP. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation. 2004 Aug 10. 110 (6):738-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Gary T, Belaj K, Hafner F, Eller P, Rief P, Hackl G, et al. Graz Critical Limb Ischemia Score: A Risk Score for Critical Limb Ischemia in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Jul. 94 (27):e1054. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007 Jan. 45 Suppl S:S5-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Bonaca MP, Bauersachs RM, Anand SS, Debus ES, Nehler MR, Patel MR, et al. Rivaroxaban in Peripheral Artery Disease after Revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 21. 382 (21):1994-2004. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Conen D, Everett BM, Kurth T, Creager MA, Buring JE, Ridker PM, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation, [corrected] and risk for symptomatic peripheral artery disease in women: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Jun 7. 154 (11):719-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Yamasaki S, Izawa A, Koshikawa M, Saigusa T, Ebisawa S, Miura T, et al. Association between estimated glomerular filtration rate and peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiol. 2015 Nov. 66 (5):430-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Dhangana R, Murphy TP, Coll JR, Ahn SH, Zafar AM, Qadeer FF, et al. Prevalence of abnormal ankle-brachial index among individuals with low or intermediate Framingham Risk Scores. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011 Aug. 22 (8):1077-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Boyd AM. The natural course of arteriosclerosis of the lower extremities. Angiology. 1960. 11:10.

9. Monaco M, Stassano P, Di Tommaso L, Pepino P, Giordano A, Pinna GB, et al. Systematic strategy of prophylactic coronary angiography improves long-term outcome after major vascular surgery in medium- to high-risk patients: a prospective, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Sep 8. 54 (11):989-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Bosma J, Dijksman LM, Lam K, Wisselink W, van Swijndregt AD, Vahl A. The costs and effects of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and digital substraction angiography on quality of life in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Acta Radiol. 2014 Apr. 55 (3):279-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Sommer WH, Bamberg F, Johnson TR, Weidenhagen R, Notohamiprodjo M, Schwarz F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of dynamic computed tomographic angiographic of the lower leg in patients with critical limb ischemia. Invest Radiol. 2012 Jun. 47 (6):325-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Gogalniceanu P, Lancaster RT, Patel VI. Clinical Assessment of Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Lower Limbs. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 3. 378 (18):e24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Ratchford EV. Medical management of claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2017 Jul. 66 (1):275-280. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. [Guideline] Gray BH, Diaz-Sandoval LJ, Dieter RS, Jaff MR, White CJ, Peripheral Vascular Disease Committee for the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. SCAI expert consensus statement for infrapopliteal arterial intervention appropriate use. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Oct 1. 84 (4):539-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. [Guideline] Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Guidelines Writing Group., Conte MS, Pomposelli FB, Clair DG, Geraghty PJ, McKinsey JF, et al. Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities: management of asymptomatic disease and claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Mar. 61 (3 Suppl):2S-41S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. [Guideline] Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21. 135 (12):e726-e779. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. [Guideline] Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for V... Eur Heart J. 2018 Mar 1. 39 (9):763-816. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. [Guideline] Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, White JV, Dick F, GVG Writing Group for the Joint Guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS), et al. Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2019 Jul. 58 (1S):S1-S109.e33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. [Guideline] Abramson BL, Al-Omran M, Anand SS, Albalawi Z, Coutinho T, de Mestral C, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2022 Guidelines for Peripheral Arterial Disease. Can J Cardiol. 2022 May. 38 (5):560-587. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. [Guideline] Chuter V, Quigley F, Tosenovsky P, Ritter JC, Charles J, Cheney J, et al. Australian guideline on diagnosis and management of peripheral artery disease: part of the 2021 Australian evidence-based guidelines for diabetes-related foot disease. J Foot Ankle Res. 2022 Jul 5. 15 (1):51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. O'Donnell ME, Badger SA, Sharif MA, Young IS, Lee B, Soong CV. The vascular and biochemical effects of cilostazol in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2009 May. 49 (5):1226-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Momsen AH, Jensen MB, Norager CB, Madsen MR, Vestersgaard-Andersen T, Lindholt JS. Drug therapy for improving walking distance in intermittent claudication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of robust randomised controlled studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 Oct. 38 (4):463-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. J Vasc Surg. 2007 Apr. 45 (4):645-654; discussion 653-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Samson RH. The role of statin drugs in the management of the peripheral vascular patient. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2008 Aug-Sep. 42 (4):352-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Althouse AD, Abbott JD, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Forker AD, Lombardero MS, Buitrón LV, et al. Favorable effects of insulin sensitizers pertinent to peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes: results from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) trial. Diabetes Care. 2013 Oct. 36 (10):3269-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Rowe VL, Lee W, Weaver FA, Etzioni D. Patterns of treatment for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: 1996-2005. J Vasc Surg. 2009 Apr. 49 (4):910-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Antoniou GA, Chalmers N, Georgiadis GS, Lazarides MK, Antoniou SA, Serracino-Inglott F, et al. A meta-analysis of endovascular versus surgical reconstruction of femoropopliteal arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2013 Jan. 57 (1):242-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. August 7, 2019 update: treatment of peripheral arterial disease with paclitaxel-coated balloons and paclitaxel-eluting stents potentially associated with increased mortality. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/letters-health-care-providers/august-7-2019-update-treatment-peripheral-arterial-disease-paclitaxel-coated-balloons-and-paclitaxel. August 7, 2019; Accessed: May 24, 2022.

29. Paclitaxel-coated balloons and stents for peripheral arterial disease. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/cardiovascular-devices/paclitaxel-coated-balloons-and-stents-peripheral-arterial-disease. December 2, 2021; Accessed: May 24, 2022.

30. Harwood AE, Cayton T, Sarvanandan R, Lane R, Chetter I. A Review of the Potential Local Mechanisms by Which Exercise Improves Functional Outcomes in Intermittent Claudication. Ann Vasc Surg. 2016 Jan. 30:312-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Josefina A Dominguez, MD Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, LAC+USC Hospital

Josefina A Dominguez, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD, FACS Professor and Chief, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Gonda (Goldschmied) Vascular Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Surgical Association, Association of Program Directors in Vascular Surgery, Los Angeles Surgical Society, Pacific Coast Surgical Association, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of Black Academic Surgeons, Society of Black Vascular Surgeons, Southern California Vascular Surgical Society, Western Vascular Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD, FACS Professor and Chief, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Gonda (Goldschmied) Vascular Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Surgical Association, Association of Program Directors in Vascular Surgery, Los Angeles Surgical Society, Pacific Coast Surgical Association, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of Black Academic Surgeons, Society of Black Vascular Surgeons, Southern California Vascular Surgical Society, Western Vascular Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William H Pearce, MD Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery, Violet and Charles Baldwin Professor of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine

William H Pearce, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Surgical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Association of VA Surgeons, Central Surgical Association, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of University Surgeons, andWestern Surgical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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