Superficial Thrombophlebitis Questions & Answers

1. Verlato F, Zucchetta P, Prandoni P, Camporese G, Marzola MC, Salmistraro G, et al. An unexpectedly high rate of pulmonary embolism in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the thigh. J Vasc Surg. 1999 Dec. 30 (6):1113-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 25. 2 (2):CD004982. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Di Nisio M, Wichers I, Middeldorp S. Treatment of Lower Extremity Superficial Thrombophlebitis. JAMA. 2018 Dec 11. 320 (22):2367-2368. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Buerger L. The veins in thromboangiitis obliterans: With particular reference to arteriovenous anastomosis as a cure for the condition. JAMA. 1909. 52:1319.

5. Shionoya S. Buerger's Disease: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Nagoya, Japan: University of Nagoya Press; 1990.

6. Gaffo AL. Thrombosis in vasculitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013 Feb. 27 (1):57-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Pearson T, Bremmer M, Cohen J, Driscoll M. Vasculopathy related to cocaine adulterated with levamisole: A review of the literature. Dermatol Online J. 2012 Jul 15. 18 (7):1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. McColl MD, Ramsay JE, Tait RC, Walker ID, McCall F, Conkie JA, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis: incidence in association with pregnancy and prevalence of thrombophilic defects. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Apr. 79 (4):741-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy and thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Jul. 86 (1):112-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Rush MD, Schoenfeld CN, Watson WA. Skin necrosis and venous thrombosis from subcutaneous injection of charcoal lighter fluid (naptha). Am J Emerg Med. 1998 Sep. 16 (5):508-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O'Grady NP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1. 49 (1):1-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. DeTakats G. "Resting Infection" in varicose veins, its diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med Sci. 1932. 184:57.

13. Altemeier WA, Hill EO, Fullen WD. Acute and recurrent thromboembolic disease: a new concept of etiology. Ann Surg. 1969 Oct. 170 (4):547-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Sproul EE. Carcinoma and venous thrombosis: Frequency of association of carcinoma in body or tail of pancreas with multiple venous thrombosis. Am J Cancer. 1938. 34:566.

15. Nazir SS, Khan M. Thrombosis of the dorsal vein of the penis (Mondor's Disease): A case report and review of the literature. Indian J Urol. 2010 Jul. 26 (3):431-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Bird V, Krasnokutsky S, Zhou HS, Jarrahy R, Khan SA. Traumatic thrombophlebitis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis: an occupational hazard. Am J Emerg Med. 1997 Jan. 15 (1):67-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Marković MD, Lotina SI, Davidović LB, Vojnović BR, Kostić DM, Cinara IS, et al. [Acute superficial thrombophlebitis--modern diagnosis and therapy]. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 1997 Sep-Oct. 125 (9-10):261-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Wichers IM, Di Nisio M, Büller HR, Middeldorp S. Treatment of superficial vein thrombosis to prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Haematologica. 2005 May. 90 (5):672-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Schönauer V, Kyrle PA, Weltermann A, Minar E, Bialonczyk C, Hirschl M, et al. Superficial thrombophlebitis and risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Apr. 37 (4):834-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. de Godoy JM, Braile DM. Protein S deficiency in repetitive superficial thrombophlebitis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2003 Jan. 9 (1):61-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Gillet JL, Ffrench P, Hanss M, Allaert FA, Chleir F. [Predictive value of D-dimer assay in superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs]. J Mal Vasc. 2007 Apr. 32 (2):90-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Lutter KS, Kerr TM, Roedersheimer LR, Lohr JM, Sampson MG, Cranley JJ. Superficial thrombophlebitis diagnosed by duplex scanning. Surgery. 1991 Jul. 110 (1):42-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Bergqvist D, Jaroszewski H. Deep vein thrombosis in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Mar 8. 292 (6521):658-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Quéré I, Leizorovicz A, Galanaud JP, Presles E, Barrellier MT, Becker F, et al. Superficial venous thrombosis and compression ultrasound imaging. J Vasc Surg. 2012 Oct. 56 (4):1032-8.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Stevens SM. ACP Journal Club: review: fondaparinux reduces VTE and recurrence in superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Aug 21. 157 (4):JC2-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Prandoni P, Tormene D, Pesavento R, Vesalio Investigators Group. High vs. low doses of low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of superficial vein thrombosis of the legs: a double-blind, randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jun. 3 (6):1152-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18. CD004982. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30. 4:CD004982. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Decousus H, Prandoni P, Mismetti P, Bauersachs RM, Boda Z, Brenner B, et al. Fondaparinux for the treatment of superficial-vein thrombosis in the legs. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 23. 363 (13):1222-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Bijsterveld NR, Moons AH, Boekholdt SM, van Aken BE, Fennema H, Peters RJ, et al. Ability of recombinant factor VIIa to reverse the anticoagulant effect of the pentasaccharide fondaparinux in healthy volunteers. Circulation. 2002 Nov 12. 106 (20):2550-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Ascher E, Hanson JN, Salles-Cunha S, Hingorani A. Lesser saphenous vein thrombophlebitis: its natural history and implications for management. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2003 Nov-Dec. 37 (6):421-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Di Minno MN, Ambrosino P, Ambrosini F, Tremoli E, Di Minno G, Dentali F. Prevalence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with superficial vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 May. 14 (5):964-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Lozano FS, Almazan A. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus saphenofemoral disconnection for the treatment of above-knee greater saphenous thrombophlebitis: a prospective study. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2003 Nov-Dec. 37 (6):415-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Beyer-Westendorf J, Schellong SM, Gerlach H, Rabe E, Weitz JI, Jersemann K, et al. Prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with superficial-vein thrombosis given rivaroxaban or fondaparinux: the open-label, randomised, non-inferiority SURPRISE phase 3b trial. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Mar. 4 (3):e105-e113. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Quenet S, Laporte S, Décousus H, Leizorovicz A, Epinat M, Mismetti P, et al. Factors predictive of venous thrombotic complications in patients with isolated superficial vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Nov. 38 (5):944-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Rathbun SW, Aston CE, Whitsett TL. A randomized trial of dalteparin compared with ibuprofen for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis. J Thromb Haemost. 2012 May. 10 (5):833-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Khanjan H Nagarsheth, MD, MBA Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland Medical System

Khanjan H Nagarsheth, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Academic Surgical Congress, American College of Surgeons, American Venous Forum, Association of Trauma and Military Surgery, Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Eastern Vascular Society, Knoxville Academy of Medicine, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Tennessee Medical Association, Vascular Society of New Jersey

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Adam J Rosh, MD Assistant Professor, Program Director, Emergency Medicine Residency, Department of Emergency Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Adam J Rosh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD, FACS Professor and Chief, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Gonda (Goldschmied) Vascular Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Surgical Association, Pacific Coast Surgical Association, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of Black Academic Surgeons, Society of Black Vascular Surgeons, Southern California Vascular Surgical Society, Western Vascular Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David FM Brown, MD Associate Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Vice Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

David FM Brown, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ryan Doss, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Ryan Doss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, Michigan College of Emergency Physicians, and Michigan State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Craig F Feied, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, FACPh, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine; General Manager, Microsoft Enterprise Health Solutions Group

Craig F Feied, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Phlebology, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Informatics Association, American Venous Forum, Medical Society of the District of Columbia, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jonathan A Handler, MD, HSG Chief Deployment Architect, Microsoft Corporation, Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medine

Jonathan A Handler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey Lawrence Kaufman, MD Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Tufts University School of Medicine

Jeffrey Lawrence Kaufman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, Association for Academic Surgery, Association for Surgical Education, Massachusetts Medical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Vascular Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Samuel M Keim, MD Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine

Samuel M Keim, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Public Health Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert G Klever Jr, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Robert G Klever Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eddy S Lang, MDCM, CCFP(EM), CSPQ Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine; Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Canada

Eddy S Lang, MDCM, CCFP(EM), CSPQ is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

William A Marston, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine

William A. Marston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Venous Forum, North Carolina Medical Society, Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, and Southern Association for Vascular Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nelson S Menezes, MD, FRCS(Edin), FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College; Chief of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brooklyn Hospital Center

Nelson S Menezes, MD, FRCS(Edin), FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, International Society of Endovascular Specialists, Medical Society of the State of New York, and Society for Vascular Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Travis J Phifer, MD Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery, Professor, Department of Surgery and Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport

Travis J Phifer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Society for Vascular Surgery, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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