Presentation
History
Sinus bradycardia is most often asymptomatic. However, symptoms may include the following when severe:
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Dizziness
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Lightheadedness
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Chest pain
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Shortness of breath
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Exercise intolerance
Pertinent elements of the history include the following:
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Previous cardiac history (eg, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, valvular failure)
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Medications
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Toxic exposures
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Prior illnesses
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Physical Examination
Cardiac auscultation and palpation of peripheral pulses reveal a slow, regular heart rate.
The physical examination is generally nonspecific, although it may reveal the following signs:
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Decreased level of consciousness
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Cyanosis
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Peripheral edema
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Pulmonary vascular congestion
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Dyspnea
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Poor perfusion
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Syncope
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