Overview
What is the pathophysiology of Hymenoptera stings?
What is the difference between Africanized honeybee stings and European honeybee stings?
What causes Hymenoptera stings?
What causes anaphylactic and toxic reactions to Hymenoptera venom?
Other than Hymenoptera stings, how is bee venom transmitted?
What is the prevalence of Hymenoptera stings in the US?
What is the global prevalence of Hymenoptera stings?
What are the racial predilections of Hymenoptera stings?
What are the sexual predilections of Hymenoptera stings?
Which age groups have the highest prevalence of Hymenoptera stings?
What is the prognosis of Hymenoptera stings?
What is included in patient education about Hymenoptera stings?
Presentation
How are reactions to Hymenoptera stings graded?
Which clinical history findings are characteristic of Hymenoptera stings?
What are the signs and symptom of local reactions to Hymenoptera stings?
What are the signs and symptoms of generalized reactions to Hymenoptera stings?
Which physical findings are characteristic of local reactions to Hymenoptera stings?
Which physical findings are characteristic of Hymenoptera stings?
What are the possible complications of Hymenoptera stings?
DDX
What are the differential diagnoses for Hymenoptera Stings?
Workup
What is the role of lab tests in the workup of Hymenoptera stings?
How is the stinger removed from a Hymenoptera sting?
Treatment
What is the prehospital care for Hymenoptera stings?
How are Hymenoptera stings treated in the emergency department (ED)?
Which specialist consultations are beneficial to patients with Hymenoptera stings?
What are preventive measures for Hymenoptera stings?
What is included in long-term monitoring of Hymenoptera stings?
Medications
Which medications are used to treat Hymenoptera stings?
Which medications in the drug class Corticosteroids are used in the treatment of Hymenoptera Stings?
Which medications in the drug class Bronchodilators are used in the treatment of Hymenoptera Stings?
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Western paper wasp (Mischocyttarus flavitarsis) building a nest. By Sanjay Acharya (self-made at Sunnyvale, California, USA). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
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Yellow jacket. By Richard Bartz, Munich aka Makro Freak (Own work). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
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Fire ant bites. In less than 10 seconds, an unwary scientist was stung over 250 times on one leg when he carelessly knelt on a collapsed fire ant mound. The sterile pustules developed to this stage in 3 days. US Department of Agriculture. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
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Fire ants. US Department of Agriculture. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.