Drowning Differential Diagnoses

1. World Health Organization. World Health Organization Global Report on Drowning. Available at http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/global_report_drowning/final_report_full_web.pdf. 2014; Accessed: July 1, 2016.

2. Szpilman D, Sempsrott J, Webber J, Hawkins SC, Barcala-Furelos R, Schmidt A, et al. 'Dry drowning' and other myths. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018 Jul. 85 (7):529-535. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Dowd MD. Dry Drowning: Myths and Misconceptions. Pediatr Ann. 2017 Oct 1. 46 (10):e354-e357. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Papa L, Hoelle R, Idris A. Systematic review of definitions for drowning incidents. Resuscitation. 2005 Jun. 65(3):255-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. van Beeck EF, Branche CM, Szpilman D, Modell JH, Bierens JJ. A new definition of drowning: towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Nov. 83(11):853-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Orlowski JP. Drowning, near-drowning, and ice-water submersions. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1987 Feb. 34(1):75-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Suominen P, Baillie C, Korpela R, Rautanen S, Ranta S, Olkkola KT. Impact of age, submersion time and water temperature on outcome in near-drowning. Resuscitation. 2002 Mar. 52(3):247-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Garzoni C, Garbino J. Long-term risk of atypical fungal infection after near-drowning episodes. Pediatrics. 2007 Feb. 119(2):417; author reply 417-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. van Beelen ME, van Beeck EF, den Hertog P, Beirens TM, Raat H. Correlates of unsupervised bathing of infants: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013 Mar 4. 10(3):856-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Jan MM. Pediatric near-drowning and drowning. Saudi Med J. 2013 Feb. 34(2):119-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Safety Barrier Guidelines for Home Pools. Cited Mar 2007. [Full Text].

12. Brenner RA, Trumble AC, Smith GS, Kessler EP, Overpeck MD. Where children drown, United States, 1995. Pediatrics. 2001 Jul. 108(1):85-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Thompson DC, Rivara FP. Pool fencing for preventing drowning in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000. CD001047. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Byard RW. Rainwater tank drowning. J Forensic Leg Med. 2008 Nov. 15(8):533-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Rahman A, Shafinaz S, Linnan M, Rahman F. Community perception of childhood drowning and its prevention measures in rural Bangladesh: a qualitative study. Aust J Rural Health. 2008 Jun. 16(3):176-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Byard RW. Drowning and near drowning in rivers. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2017 Sep. 13 (3):396. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Värnik A, Kõlves K, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Marusic A, Oskarsson H, Palmer A, et al. Suicide methods in Europe: a gender-specific analysis of countries participating in the "European Alliance Against Depression". J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008 Jun. 62(6):545-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Linares M, Santos L, Santos J, Juesas C, Górgolas M, Ramos-Rincón JM. Selfie-related deaths using web epidemiological intelligence tool (2008 to 2021): A cross-sectional study. J Travel Med. October 2021. taab170. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Jonkman SN, Maaskant B, Boyd E, Levitan ML. Loss of life caused by the flooding of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: analysis of the relationship between flood characteristics and mortality. Risk Anal. 2009 May. 29(5):676-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Injury Prevention and Control: Data & Statistics. Web-based Injury System (WISQARS). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html. May 4, 2016; Accessed: July 1, 2016.

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC. Wide-ranging online data for Epidemiologic research (WONDER). Available at http://wonder.cdc.gov. July 1, 2016; Accessed: July 1, 2016.

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars. March 21, 2019; Accessed: June 19, 2019.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unintentional Drowning: Get the Facts. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Water-Safety/waterinjuries-factsheet.html. April 28, 2016; Accessed: May 18, 2017.

24. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports, 1999 - 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html. June 10, 2010; Accessed: May 18, 2017.

25. Safe Kids USA. Water Safety at Home. Available at https://www.safekids.org/safetytips/field_risks/water-and-drowning/field_type/fact-sheet. Accessed: May 18, 2017.

26. Culp WC Jr, Brewster BC, Wernicki P. Drowning: lifeguard rescue and resuscitation. Anesthesiology. 2010 Jan. 112(1):245; author reply 246. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Kanchan T, Menezes RG, Monteiro FN. Fatal unintentional injuries among young children--a hospital based retrospective analysis. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009 Aug. 16(6):307-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Papadakis M, Sharma S, Cox S, Sheppard MN, Panoulas VF, Behr ER. The magnitude of sudden cardiac death in the young: a death certificate-based review in England and Wales. Europace. 2009 Oct. 11 (10):1353-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. National Water Safety Forum. Available at http://www.nationalwatersafety.org.uk/index.asp. Accessed: May 18, 2017.

30. Dean R, Mulligan J. Management of water incidents: drowning and hypothermia. Nurs Stand. 2009 Oct 21-27. 24(7):35-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. Available at http://www.rospa.com/. Accessed: May 18, 2017.

32. Hills SP, Hobbs M, Tipton MJ, Barwood MJ. The water incident database (WAID) 2012 to 2019: a systematic evaluation of the documenting of UK drownings. BMC Public Health. 2021 Sep 27. 21 (1):1760. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Hyder AA, Sugerman DE, Puvanachandra P, Razzak J, El-Sayed H, Isaza A, et al. Global childhood unintentional injury surveillance in four cities in developing countries: a pilot study. Bull World Health Organ. 2009 May. 87(5):345-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Hong J, Lee B, Ha EH, Park H. Parental socioeconomic status and unintentional injury deaths in early childhood: consideration of injury mechanisms, age at death, and gender. Accid Anal Prev. 2010 Jan. 42(1):313-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Morgan D, Ozanne-Smith J, Triggs T. Direct observation measurement of drowning risk exposure for surf beach bathers. J Sci Med Sport. 2009 Jul. 12(4):457-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Morgan D, Ozanne-Smith J, Triggs T. Self-reported water and drowning risk exposure at surf beaches. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2009 Apr. 33(2):180-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Morgan D, Ozanne-Smith J, Triggs T. Descriptive epidemiology of drowning deaths in a surf beach swimmer and surfer population. Inj Prev. 2008 Feb. 14(1):62-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Buzzacott P. DAN Annual Diving Report 2016 Edition: A report on 2014 data on diving fatalities, injuries, and incidents [Internet]. Durham (NC): Divers Alert Network. 2016. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Ihama Y, Miyazaki T, Fuke C, Mukai T, Ohno Y, Sato Y. Scuba-diving related deaths in Okinawa, Japan, from 1982 to 2007. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2008 May. 10 (3):119-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Denoble PJ, Caruso JL, Dear Gde L, Pieper CF, Vann RD. Common causes of open-circuit recreational diving fatalities. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2008 Nov-Dec. 35(6):393-406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Buzzacott P, Rosenberg M, Pikora T. Western Australian recreational scuba diving fatalities, 1992 to 2005. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2009 Jun. 33 (3):212-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Lippmann J, Walker D, Lawrence C, Fock A, Wodak T, Harris R, et al. Provisional report on diving-related fatalities in Australian waters 2008. Diving Hyperb Med. 2013 Mar. 43(1):16-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Laursen LH, Hansen HL, Jensen OC. Fatal occupational accidents in Danish fishing vessels 1989-2005. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2008 Jun. 15(2):109-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Ahlm K, Saveman BI, Björnstig U. Drowning deaths in Sweden with emphasis on the presence of alcohol and drugs - a retrospective study, 1992-2009. BMC Public Health. 2013 Mar 11. 13:216. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Brooks CJ, MacDonald CV, Donati L, Taber MJ. Civilian helicopter accidents into water: analysis of 46 cases, 1979-2006. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008 Oct. 79(10):935-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Wilks J. Injuries and injury prevention. Keystone J, Kozarsky P, et al, eds. Travel Medicine. London: Mosby; 2004:. 453-59.

47. Guse CE, Cortés LM, Hargarten SW, Hennes HM. Fatal injuries of US citizens abroad. J Travel Med. 2007 Sep-Oct. 14(5):279-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Leggat PA, Wilks J. Overseas visitor deaths in Australia, 2001 to 2003. J Travel Med. 2009 Jul-Aug. 16(4):243-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Segura LE, Arozarena I, Koon W, Gutiérrez A. Coastal drowning in Costa Rica: incident analysis and comparisons between Costa Rican nationals and foreigners. Nat Hazards (Dordr). 2021 Aug 25. 1-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Berger LR, Wallace LJ, Bill NM. Injuries and injury prevention among indigenous children and young people. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009 Dec. 56(6):1519-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Gramsbergen A, Hadders-Algra M. Development of postural control, a basic aspect of neuro-ontogeny. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1998 Jul. 22(4):463-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Lunetta P, Modell JH, Sajantila A. What is the incidence and significance of "dry-lungs" in bodies found in water?. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2004 Dec. 25(4):291-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Dyson K, Morgans A, Bray J, Matthews B, Smith K. Drowning related out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: Characteristics and outcomes. Resuscitation. 2013 Jan 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Topjian AA, Berg RA, Bierens JJ, Branche CM, Clark RS, Friberg H, et al. Brain Resuscitation in the Drowning Victim. Neurocrit Care. 2012 Sep 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Vaagenes P, Safar P, Moossy J, Rao G, Diven W, Ravi C, et al. Asphyxiation versus ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest in dogs. Differences in cerebral resuscitation effects--a preliminary study. Resuscitation. 1997 Aug. 35 (1):41-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Citro R, Previtali M, Bossone E. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy and drowning syndrome: is there a link?. Chest. 2008 Aug. 134(2):469. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Choi G, Kopplin LJ, Tester DJ, Will ML, Haglund CM, Ackerman MJ. Spectrum and frequency of cardiac channel defects in swimming-triggered arrhythmia syndromes. Circulation. 2004 Oct 12. 110(15):2119-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Cortez KJ, Roilides E, Quiroz-Telles F, Meletiadis J, Antachopoulos C, Knudsen T, et al. Infections caused by Scedosporium spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Jan. 21(1):157-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. Leechawengwongs M, Milindankura S, Liengudom A, Chanakul K, Viranuvatti K, Clongsusuek P. Multiple Scedosporium apiospermum brain abscesses after near-drowning successfully treated with surgery and long-term voriconazole: a case report. Mycoses. 2007 Nov. 50(6):512-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Mesfin FB, Tobin E, Adamo MA, Dirisio D. Fungal vertebral osteomyelitis due to Scedosporium apiospermum after near-drowning. J Neurosurg Spine. 2008 Jul. 9(1):58-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Tadié JM, Heming N, Serve E, Weiss N, Day N, Imbert A, et al. Drowning associated pneumonia: a descriptive cohort. Resuscitation. 2012 Mar. 83(3):399-401. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Leroy P, Smismans A, Seute T. Invasive pulmonary and central nervous system aspergillosis after near-drowning of a child: case report and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug. 118(2):e509-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Mangge H, Plecko B, Grubbauer HM, Popper H, Smolle-Jüttner F, Zach M. Late-onset miliary pneumonitis after near drowning. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993 Feb. 15(2):122-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Wenger JD, Hollis DG, Weaver RE, Baker CN, Brown GR, Brenner DJ, et al. Infection caused by Francisella philomiragia (formerly Yersinia philomiragia). A newly recognized human pathogen. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Jun 1. 110(11):888-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Kantarcioglu AS, Guarro J, de Hoog GS. Central nervous system infections by members of the Pseudallescheria boydii species complex in healthy and immunocompromised hosts: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcome. Mycoses. 2008 Jul. 51(4):275-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Tintelnot K, Wagner N, Seibold M, de Hoog GS, Horré R. Re-identification of clinical isolates of the Pseudallescheria boydii-complex involved in near-drowning. Mycoses. 2008 Sep. 51 Suppl 3:11-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Kakizaki E, Kozawa S, Sakai M, Yukawa N. Bioluminescent bacteria have potential as a marker of drowning in seawater: two immersed cadavers retrieved near estuaries. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2009 Mar. 11(2):91-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Suto M, Kato N, Abe S, Nakamura M, Tsuchiya R, Hiraiwa K. PCR detection of bacterial genes provides evidence of death by drowning. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2009 Apr. 11 Suppl 1:S354-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Quan L, Mack CD, Schiff MA. Association of water temperature and submersion duration and drowning outcome. Resuscitation. 2014 Jun. 85 (6):790-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Kieboom JK, Verkade HJ, Burgerhof JG, Bierens JJ, Rheenen PF, Kneyber MC, et al. Outcome after resuscitation beyond 30 minutes in drowned children with cardiac arrest and hypothermia: Dutch nationwide retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015 Feb 10. 350:h418. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Wintemute GJ, Wright MA. Swimming pool owners' opinions of strategies for prevention of drowning. Pediatrics. 1990 Jan. 85(1):63-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. Prevention of drowning. Pediatrics. 2010 Jul. 126(1):178-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Herman-Giddens ME, Smith JB, Mittal M, Carlson M, Butts JD. Newborns killed or left to die by a parent: a population-based study. JAMA. 2003 Mar 19. 289(11):1425-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Fujiwara T, Barber C, Schaechter J, Hemenway D. Characteristics of infant homicides: findings from a U.S. multisite reporting system. Pediatrics. 2009 Aug. 124 (2):e210-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Dias MS, Smith K, DeGuehery K, Mazur P, Li V, Shaffer ML. Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics. 2005 Apr. 115(4):e470-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Giesbrecht GG, Pretorius T. Survey of public knowledge and responses to educational slogans regarding cold-water immersion. Wilderness Environ Med. 2008 Winter. 19(4):261-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. United States Search and Rescue Task Force. Cold Water Survival. Available at http://www.ussartf.org/cold_water_survival.htm. Accessed: July 1, 2016.

78. Layon AJ, Modell JH. Drowning: Update 2009. Anesthesiology. 2009 Jun. 110(6):1390-401. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Bell GS, Gaitatzis A, Bell CL, Johnson AL, Sander JW. Drowning in people with epilepsy: how great is the risk?. Neurology. 2008 Aug 19. 71(8):578-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Kanchan T, Menon A, Menezes RG. Methods of choice in completed suicides: gender differences and review of literature. J Forensic Sci. 2009 Jul. 54(4):938-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Salib E. Trends in suicide by drowning in the elderly in England and Wales 1979-2001. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005 Feb. 20(2):175-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Purandare N, Voshaar RC, Rodway C, Bickley H, Burns A, Kapur N. Suicide in dementia: 9-year national clinical survey in England and Wales. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Feb. 194(2):175-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Warner DS, Bierens JJ, Beerman SB, Katz LM. Drowning: a cry for help. Anesthesiology. 2009 Jun. 110(6):1211-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Varon J, Acosta P. Therapeutic hypothermia: past, present, and future. Chest. 2008 May. 133(5):1267-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Kyriacou DN, Arcinue EL, Peek C, Kraus JF. Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. Pediatrics. 1994 Aug. 94(2 Pt 1):137-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Quan L, Kinder D. Pediatric submersions: prehospital predictors of outcome. Pediatrics. 1992 Dec. 90 (6):909-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Youn CS, Choi SP, Yim HW, Park KN. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning: An Utstein Style report of 10 years of experience from St. Mary's Hospital. Resuscitation. 2009 Jul. 80(7):778-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Perkins GD. In-water resuscitation: a pilot evaluation. Resuscitation. 2005 Jun. 65 (3):321-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Eich C, Russo SG, Heuer JF, Timmermann A, Gentkow U, Quintel M, et al. Characteristics of out-of-hospital paediatric emergencies attended by ambulance- and helicopter-based emergency physicians. Resuscitation. 2009 Aug. 80 (8):888-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Sayre MR, Berg RA, Cave DM, Page RL, Potts J, White RD. Hands-only (compression-only) cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a call to action for bystander response to adults who experience out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest: a science advisory for the public from the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee. Circulation. 2008 Apr 22. 117(16):2162-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 14. 372 (20):1898-908. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R, et al. Therapeutic Hypothermia after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jan 26. 376 (4):318-329. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Scholefield BR, Silverstein FS, Telford R, Holubkov R, Slomine BS, Meert KL, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia after paediatric cardiac arrest: Pooled randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation. 2018 Oct 3. 133:101-107. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 21. 346(8):549-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 21. 346(8):557-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Kim KI, Lee WY, Kim HS, Jeong JH, Ko HH. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in near-drowning patients with cardiac or pulmonary failure. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014 Dec 12. 22:77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Cubattoli L, Franchi F, Coratti G. Surfactant therapy for acute respiratory failure after drowning: two children victim of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2009 Sep. 80(9):1088-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Onarheim H, Vik V. Porcine surfactant (Curosurf) for acute respiratory failure after near-drowning in 12 year old. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004 Jul. 48(6):778-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Higgins RD, Raju TN, Perlman J, Azzopardi DV, Blackmon LR, Clark RH, et al. Hypothermia and perinatal asphyxia: executive summary of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop. J Pediatr. 2006 Feb. 148 (2):170-175. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Shah PS. Hypothermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010 Oct. 15 (5):238-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Conn AW, Edmonds JF, Barker GA. Cerebral resuscitation in near-drowning. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1979 Aug. 26 (3):691-701. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Bohn DJ, Biggar WD, Smith CR, Conn AW, Barker GA. Influence of hypothermia, barbiturate therapy, and intracranial pressure monitoring on morbidity and mortality after near-drowning. Crit Care Med. 1986 Jun. 14 (6):529-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Biggart MJ, Bohn DJ. Effect of hypothermia and cardiac arrest on outcome of near-drowning accidents in children. J Pediatr. 1990 Aug. 117 (2 Pt 1):179-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Mizobuchi M, Nakamura S, Muranishi H, Utsunomiya M, Funatsu A, Kobayashi T, et al. Hypothermia with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for sudden cardiac death and submersion. Am J Emerg Med. 2010 Jan. 28(1):115.e1-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Kawati R, Covaciu L, Rubertsson S. Hypothermia after drowning in paediatric patients. Resuscitation. 2009 Nov. 80(11):1325-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Hirshberg E, Larsen G, Van Duker H. Alterations in glucose homeostasis in the pediatric intensive care unit: Hyperglycemia and glucose variability are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul. 9 (4):361-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Conn AW, Montes JE, Barker GA, Edmonds JF. Cerebral salvage in near-drowning following neurological classification by triage. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1980 May. 27(3):201-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Modell JH, Graves SA, Kuck EJ. Near-drowning: correlation of level of consciousness and survival. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1980 May. 27(3):211-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Ballesteros MA, Gutiérrez-Cuadra M, Muñoz P, Miñambres E. Prognostic factors and outcome after drowning in an adult population. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009 Aug. 53(7):935-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Modell JH. Legal Aspects and Litigation in Aquatic Lifesaving. Bierens J. Handbook on Drowning. 1. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2006:645-47.

111. Wagner C. Pediatric submersion injuries. Air Med J. 2009 May-Jun. 28(3):116-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Brenner RA, Taneja GS, Haynie DL, Trumble AC, Qian C, Klinger RM, et al. Association between swimming lessons and drowning in childhood: a case-control study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Mar. 163 (3):203-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. Carr WD. Formal swimming lessons must be defined. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Oct. 163 (10):961-2; author reply 962. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Branche CM, Stewart. Lifeguard effectiveness: A report of the working group. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/pubs/lifeguardreport-a.pdf. 2001; Accessed: May 18, 2017.

115. [Guideline] Prevention of drowning in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2003 Aug. 112(2):437-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

116. Samuelson H, Nekludov M, Levander M. Neuropsychological outcome following near-drowning in ice water: two adult case studies. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008 Jul. 14(4):660-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

117. Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK. Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics. 1990 Oct. 86 (4):586-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

118. Horisberger T, Fischer E, Fanconi S. One-year survival and neurological outcome after pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med. 2002 Mar. 28 (3):365-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

119. Wijman CA, Mlynash M, Caulfield AF, Hsia AW, Eyngorn I, Bammer R, et al. Prognostic value of brain diffusion-weighted imaging after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol. 2009 Apr. 65 (4):394-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Christophe C, Fonteyne C, Ziereisen F, Christiaens F, Deltenre P, De Maertelaer V, et al. Value of MR imaging of the brain in children with hypoxic coma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002 Apr. 23 (4):716-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Fisher B, Peterson B, Hicks G. Use of brainstem auditory-evoked response testing to assess neurologic outcome following near drowning in children. Crit Care Med. 1992 May. 20 (5):578-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

122. Zandbergen EG, Hijdra A, Koelman JH, Hart AA, Vos PE, Verbeek MM, et al. Prediction of poor outcome within the first 3 days of postanoxic coma. Neurology. 2006 Jan 10. 66 (1):62-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

123. Suominen PK, Vähätalo R. Neurologic long term outcome after drowning in children. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012 Aug 15. 20:55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

G Patricia Cantwell, MD, FCCM Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Chief, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M Miller School of Medicine/ Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center; Medical Director, Palliative Care Team, Holtz Children's Hospital; Medical Manager, FEMA, South Florida Urban Search and Rescue, Task Force 2

G Patricia Cantwell, MD, FCCM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Heart Association, American Trauma Society, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael J Verive, MD, FAAP Pediatrician, UP Health System Portage

Michael J Verive, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joe Alcock, MD, MS Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center

Joe Alcock, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Suzanne Moore Shepherd, MD, MS, DTM&H, FACEP, FAAEM Professor of Emergency Medicine, Education Officer, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Director of Education and Research, PENN Travel Medicine; Medical Director, Fast Track, Department of Emergency Medicine

Suzanne Moore Shepherd, MD, MS, DTM&H, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, International Society of Travel Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William H Shoff, MD, DTM&H Former Director, PENN Travel Medicine; Former Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William H Shoff, MD, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, International Society of Travel Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry J Evans, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Temple University Medical School; Director of Pediatric Critical Care and Pulmonology, Associate Chair for Pediatric Education, Temple University Children's Medical Center

Barry J Evans, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eddy S Lang, MDCM, CCFP(EM), CSPQ Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine; Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Canada

Eddy S Lang, MDCM, CCFP(EM), CSPQ is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Martin, MD Fellow, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Hyperbaric Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert L Norris, MD Professor, Department of Surgery, Chief, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center

Robert L Norris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, California Medical Association, International Society of Toxinology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Suzanne Moore Shepherd, MD, MS, DTM&H, FACEP, FAAEM Professor of Emergency Medicine, Education Officer, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Director of Education and Research, PENN Travel Medicine; Medical Director, Fast Track, Department of Emergency Medicine

Suzanne Moore Shepherd is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, International Society of Travel Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

What would you like to print?

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article