Sunburn Questions & Answers

1. Kochevar IE, Taylor CR. Photophysics, photochemistry and photobiology. Freedberg IM, ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003. 1267-1275.

2. Walker SL, Hawk JL, Young AR. Acute effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Freedberg IM, ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003. 1275-1282.

3. Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy HN. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Mar 15. 195(3):298-308. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Walsh LJ. Ultraviolet B irradiation of skin induces mast cell degranulation and release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Immunol Cell Biol. 1995 Jun. 73(3):226-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Terui T, Takahashi K, Funayama M, Terunuma A, Ozawa M, Sasai S, et al. Occurrence of neutrophils and activated Th1 cells in UVB-induced erythema. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001 Jan-Feb. 81(1):8-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Clydesdale GJ, Dandie GW, Muller HK. Ultraviolet light induced injury: immunological and inflammatory effects. Immunol Cell Biol. 2001 Dec. 79(6):547-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Van Laethem A, Claerhout S, Garmyn M, Agostinis P. The sunburn cell: regulation of death and survival of the keratinocyte. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005 Aug. 37(8):1547-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Kramer DA, Shayne P. Sun-induced disorders. Schwartz GR, ed. Principles and Practice of Emergency Medicine. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999. 1581.

9. Narbutt J, Lesiak A, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Boncela J, Wozniacka A, Norval M. Repeated exposures of humans to low doses of solar simulated radiation lead to limited photoadaptation and photoprotection against UVB-induced erythema and cytokine mRNA up-regulation. J Dermatol Sci. 2007 Mar. 45(3):210-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Fitzpatrick TB. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol. 1988 Jun. 124(6):869-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Moehrle M, Koehle W, Dietz K, Lischka G. Reduction of minimal erythema dose by sweating. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2000 Dec. 16(6):260-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. World Health Organization. Ultraviolet radiation: global solar UV index. Fact sheet No. 271. August 2002. Available at http://www.who.int/uv/publications/en/GlobalUVI.pdf. Accessed: June 2, 2017.

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sunburn prevalence among adults--United States, 1999, 2003, and 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Jun 1. 56(21):524-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Brown TT, Quain RD, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. The epidemiology of sunburn in the US population in 2003. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Oct. 55(4):577-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Cokkinides V, Weinstock M, Glanz K, Albano J, Ward E, Thun M. Trends in sunburns, sun protection practices, and attitudes toward sun exposure protection and tanning among US adolescents, 1998-2004. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep. 118(3):853-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sunburn and sun protective behaviors among adults aged 18-29 years--United States, 2000-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 May 11. 61(18):317-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Lowe NJ. An overview of ultraviolet radiation, sunscreens, and photo-induced dermatoses. Dermatol Clin. 2006 Jan. 24(1):9-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Hawk JLM, Norris PG, Honigsmann H. Abnormal responses to ultraviolet radiation: idiopathic, probably immunologic, and photoexacerbated. Freedberg IM, ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003. 1290-1295.

19. Mukamal KJ. Alcohol consumption and self-reported sunburn: a cross-sectional, population-based survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Oct. 55(4):584-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Edlich RF, Martin ML, Long WB. Thermal burns. Marx JA, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2006. 918-9.

21. Hatch KL, Osterwalder U. Garments as solar ultraviolet radiation screening materials. Dermatol Clin. 2006 Jan. 24(1):85-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Wu S, Cho E, Li WQ, Weinstock MA, Han J, Qureshi AA. History of Severe Sunburn and Risk of Skin Cancer Among Women and Men in 2 Prospective Cohort Studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2016 May 1. 183 (9):824-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Wightman JM, Hamilton GC. Red and painful eye. Marx JA, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2006. 294.

24. Han A, Maibach HI. Management of acute sunburn. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004. 5 (1):39-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Bickers DR. Sun-induced disorders. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1985 Nov. 3(4):659-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Rapaport MJ, Rapaport V. Preventive and therapeutic approaches to short- and long-term sun damaged skin. Clin Dermatol. 1998 Jul-Aug. 16(4):429-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Han A, Maibach HI. Management of acute sunburn. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004. 5(1):39-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Faurschou A, Wulf HC. Topical corticosteroids in the treatment of acute sunburn: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 2008 May. 144(5):620-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Dietrich AJ, Olson AL, Sox CH, Stevens M, Tosteson TD, Ahles T, et al. A community-based randomized trial encouraging sun protection for children. Pediatrics. 1998 Dec. 102(6):E64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Norman GJ, Adams MA, Calfas KJ, Covin J, Sallis JF, Rossi JS, et al. A randomized trial of a multicomponent intervention for adolescent sun protection behaviors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Feb. 161(2):146-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Gasparro FP, Brown D, Diffey BL, Knowland JS, Reeve V. Sun protective agents: formulations, effects and side effects. Freedberg IM, ed. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003. 2344-2352.

32. Autier P, Boniol M, Severi G, Dore JF,. Quantity of sunscreen used by European students. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Feb. 144(2):288-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Maier T, Korting HC. Sunscreens - which and what for?. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2005 Nov-Dec. 18(6):253-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Christopher M McStay, MD, FAWM, FACEP Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Chief of Emergency Department Clinical Operations, University of Colorado School of Medicine

Christopher M McStay, MD, FAWM, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ershad Elahi, MD Clinical Attending Physician, Emergency Department, Osceola Regional Medical Center, Envision Physician Services; Emergency Physician, StationMD

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Amin Antoine Kazzi, MD Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

Amin Antoine Kazzi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joe Alcock, MD, MS Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center

Joe Alcock, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Li, MD Former Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Board of Directors, Remote Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, Amy Caron, MD, to the development and writing of this article.

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