Balanitis Questions & Answers

1. Lisboa C, Ferreira A, Resende C, Rodrigues AG. Infectious balanoposthitis: management, clinical and laboratory features. Int J Dermatol. 2009 Feb. 48(2):121-4. [Medline].

2. Kuehhas FE, Miernik A, Weibl P, Schoenthaler M, Sevcenco S, Schauer I, et al. Incidence of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans in Boys Younger than 10 Years Presenting with Phimosis. Urol Int. 2012 Dec 29. [Medline].

3. Mohammed A, Shegil IS, Christou D, Khan A, Barua JM. Paediatric balanitis xerotica obliterans: an 8-year experience. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2012 Mar. 84(1):12-6. [Medline].

4. Boksh K, Patwardhan N. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: has its diagnostic accuracy improved with time?. JRSM Open. 2017 Jun. 8 (6):2054270417692731. [Medline].

5. [Guideline] Edwards S, Bunker C, Ziller F, van der Meijden WI. 2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis. Int J STD AIDS. 2014 May 14. 25 (9):615-626. [Medline].

6. Kiss A, Király L, Kutasy B, Merksz M. High incidence of balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys with phimosis: prospective 10-year study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005 Jul-Aug. 22(4):305-8. [Medline].

7. Kizer WS, Prarie T, Morey AF. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: epidemiologic distribution in an equal access health care system. South Med J. 2003 Jan. 96(1):9-11. [Medline].

8. Pugliese JM, Morey AF, Peterson AC. Lichen sclerosus: review of the literature and current recommendations for management. J Urol. 2007 Dec. 178(6):2268-76. [Medline].

9. Pradhan A, Patel R, Said AJ, Upadhyaya M. 10 Years' Experience in Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans: A Single-Institution Study. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2018 Aug 21. [Medline].

10. Charlton OA, Smith SD. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: a review of diagnosis and management. Int J Dermatol. 2018 Oct 12. [Medline].

11. Kalra S, Chawla A. Diabetes and balanoposthitis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016 Aug. 66 (8):1039-41. [Medline].

12. Snodgrass W, Blanquel JS, Bush NC. Recurrence after management of meatal balanitis xerotica obliterans. J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Apr. 13 (2):204.e1-204.e6. [Medline].

13. Plasma Cell Balanitis (Zoon's Balanitis). American Urological Association. Available at http://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/education-products-and-resources/pathology-for-urologists/penis/inflammatory-and-tumor-like-lesions/plasma-cell-balanitis-(zoons-balanitis). Accessed: September 24, 2018.

14. Johnsson KM, Ptaszynska A, Schmitz B, Sugg J, Parikh SJ, List JF. Vulvovaginitis and balanitis in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin. J Diabetes Complications. 2013 Sep-Oct. 27(5):479-84. [Medline].

15. Njomnang Soh P, Vidal F, Huyghe E, Gourdy P, Halimi JM, Bouhanick B. Urinary and genital infections in patients with diabetes: How to diagnose and how to treat. Diabetes Metab. 2015 Aug 28. [Medline].

16. Borelli S, Lautenschlager S. [Differential diagnosis and management of balanitis]. Hautarzt. 2015 Jan. 66 (1):6-11. [Medline].

17. Celis S, Reed F, Murphy F, Adams S, Gillick J, Abdelhafeez AH, et al. Balanitis xerotica obliterans in children and adolescents: a literature review and clinical series. J Pediatr Urol. 2014 Feb. 10 (1):34-9. [Medline].

18. Hugh JM, Lesiak K, Greene LA, Pierson JC. Zoon's balanitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014 Oct. 13 (10):1290-1. [Medline].

19. Torchia D, Cappugi P. Photodynamic therapy for Zoon balanitis. Eur J Dermatol. 2014 Nov-Dec. 24 (6):707. [Medline].

20. Bakkour W, Chularojanamontri L, Motta L, Chalmers RJ. Successful use of dapsone for the management of circinate balanitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2014 Apr. 39 (3):333-5. [Medline].

21. Dayal S, Sahu P. Zoon balanitis: A comprehensive review. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2016 Jul-Dec. 37 (2):129-138. [Medline].

22. Homer L, Buchanan KJ, Nasr B, Losty PD, Corbett HJ. Meatal Stenosis in Boys following Circumcision for Lichen Sclerosus (Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans). J Urol. 2014 Jun 30. [Medline].

23. [Guideline] Pandya I, Shinojia M, Vadukul D, Marfatia YS. Approach to balanitis/balanoposthitis: Current guidelines. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2014 Jul-Dec. 35 (2):155-7. [Medline].

24. Georgala S, Gregoriou S, Georgala C, et al. Pimecrolimus 1% cream in non-specific inflammatory recurrent balanitis. Dermatology. 2007. 215(3):209-12. [Medline].

25. Zavras N, Christianakis E, Mpourikas D, Ereikat K. Conservative treatment of phimosis with fluticasone proprionate 0.05%: a clinical study in 1185 boys. J Pediatr Urol. 2009 Jun. 5(3):181-5. [Medline].

26. Ashfield JE, Nickel KR, Siemens DR, MacNeily AE, Nickel JC. Treatment of phimosis with topical steroids in 194 children. J Urol. 2003 Mar. 169(3):1106-8. [Medline].

27. Marques TC, Sampaio FJ, Favorito LA. Treatment of phimosis with topical steroids and foreskin anatomy. Int Braz J Urol. 2005 Jul-Aug. 31(4):370-4; discussion 374. [Medline].

28. Steadman B, Ellsworth P. To circ or not to circ: indications, risks, and alternatives to circumcision in the pediatric population with phimosis. Urol Nurs. 2006 Jun. 26(3):181-94. [Medline].

29. Van Howe RS. Neonatal circumcision and penile inflammation in young boys. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 May. 46(4):329-33. [Medline].

30. Philippou P, Shabbir M, Ralph DJ, Malone P, Nigam R, Freeman A, et al. Genital lichen sclerosus/balanitis xerotica obliterans in men with penile carcinoma: a critical analysis. BJU Int. 2013 May. 111(6):970-6. [Medline].

31. Buechner SA. Common skin disorders of the penis. BJU Int. 2002 Sep. 90(5):498-506. [Medline].

32. [Guideline] Edwards SK. European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis. Int J STD AIDS. 2001 Oct. 12 Suppl 3:68-72. [Medline].

33. Huntley JS, Bourne MC, Munro FD, Wilson-Storey D. Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons. J R Soc Med. 2003 Sep. 96(9):449-51. [Medline]. [Full Text].

34. McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP. Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Mar. 53(3):445-8. [Medline].

35. Muratov ID. [Bacteriological pattern of acute purulent balanoposthitis in children]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2004 Mar-Apr. 83-5. [Medline].

36. O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P. Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study. Int J STD AIDS. 2005 Aug. 16(8):556-9. [Medline].

Mark J Leber, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine in Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Attending Physician, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center

Mark J Leber, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anuritha Tirumani, MD Research Coordinator, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooklyn Hospital Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Richard H Sinert, DO Professor of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Research Director, State University of New York College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Vice-Chair in Charge of Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center

Richard H Sinert, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward Bessman, MD, MBA Chairman and Clinical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, John Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Edward Bessman, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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