Chancroid in Emergency Medicine Differential Diagnoses

1. Irizarry L, Velasquez J, Wray AA. Chancroid. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Albritton WL. Biology of Haemophilus ducreyi. Microbiol Rev. 1989 Dec. 53(4):377-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Lagergård T, Bölin I, Lindholm L. On the evolution of the sexually transmitted bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi and Klebsiella granulomatis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Aug. 1230:E1-E10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Gangaiah D, Li W, Fortney KR, et al. Carbon storage regulator A contributes to the virulence of Haemophilus ducreyi in humans by multiple mechanisms. Infect Immun. 2013 Feb. 81(2):608-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Li W, Katz BP, Bauer ME, Spinola SM. Haemophilus ducreyi infection induces activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in nonpolarized but not in polarized human macrophages. Infect Immun. 2013 Aug. 81(8):2997-3008. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Wising C, Azem J, Zetterberg M, Svensson LA, Ahlman K, Lagergard T. Induction of apoptosis/necrosis in various human cell lineages by Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin. Toxicon. 2005 May. 45(6):767-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2019. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2019/tables/43.htm. 2019;

8. Roett MA, Mayor MT, Uduhiri KA. Diagnosis and management of genital ulcers. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Feb 1. 85(3):254-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Spinola SM, Bauer ME, Munson RS Jr. Immunopathogenesis of Haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid). Infect Immun. 2002 Apr. 70(4):1667-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Copeland, Nathanial K., and Catherine F. Decker. Other sexually transmitted diseases chancroid and donovanosis. Disease-a-Month. 2016. 62:306-313. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Kyriakis KP, Hadjivassiliou M, Paparizos VA, Flemetakis A, Stavrianeas N, Katsambas A. Incidence determinants of gonorrhea, chlamydial genital infection, syphilis and chancroid in attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Athens, Greece. Int J Dermatol. 2003 Nov. 42(11):876-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Van Howe RS. Sexually transmitted infections and male circumcision: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ISRN Urol. 2013. 2013:109846. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. [Guideline] Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015; 64:1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htm. 2015 June 05; Accessed: July 3, 2016.

14. Kemp M, Christensen JJ, Lautenschlager S, Vall-Mayans M, Moi H. European guideline for the management of chancroid, 2011. Int J STD AIDS. 2011 May. 22(5):241-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Lewis DA. Diagnostic tests for chancroid. Sex Transm Infect. 2000 Apr. 76(2):137-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Romero, Laura, Cesar Huerfano, and Carlos F. Grillo‐Ardila. Macrolides for treatment of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in sexually active adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. December 2017. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Patterson K, Olsen B, Thomas C, Norn D, Tam M, Elkins C. Development of a rapid immunodiagnostic test for Haemophilus ducreyi. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Oct. 40(10):3694-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. [Guideline] Workowski, KA, Berman, S. Diseases Characterized by Genital, Anal, and Perianal Ulcers. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010. MMWR 2010;59 (No. RR-12). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/genital-ulcers.htm. Accessed: June 14, 2012.

19. [Guideline] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update to CDC's sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Apr 13. 56(14):332-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. [Guideline] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Diseases characterized by genital ulcers. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Aug 4. 55(RR-11):14-30. [Full Text].

21. Annan NT, Lewis DA. Treatment of chancroid in resource-poor countries. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2005 Apr. 3(2):295-306. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. [Guideline] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993 Sep 24. 42(RR-14):1-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Cole LE, Toffer KL, Fulcher RA, San Mateo LR, Orndorff PE, Kawula TH. A humoral immune response confers protection against Haemophilus ducreyi infection. Infect Immun. 2003 Dec. 71(12):6971-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Dallabetta GA, Gerbase AC, Holmes KK. Problems, solutions, and challenges in syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Infect. 1998 Jun. 74 Suppl 1:S1-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. DiCarlo RP, Armentor BS, Martin DH. Chancroid epidemiology in New Orleans men. J Infect Dis. 1995 Aug. 172(2):446-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Martin DH. Incision and drainage versus aspiration of fluctuant buboes in the emergency department during an epidemic of chancroid. Sex Transm Dis. 1995 Jul-Aug. 22(4):217-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999 Feb. 75(1):3-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Goens JL, Schwartz RA, De Wolf K. Mucocutaneous manifestations of chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum and granuloma inguinale. Am Fam Physician. 1994 Feb 1. 49(2):415-8, 423-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Hammond GW. A history of the detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, 1889-1979. Sex Transm Dis. 1996 Mar-Apr. 23(2):93-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Hollier LM, Workowski K. Treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in women. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003 Dec. 30(4):751-75, vii-viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Htun Y, Morse SA, Dangor Y, Fehler G, Radebe F, Trees DL, et al. Comparison of clinically directed, disease specific, and syndromic protocols for the management of genital ulcer disease in Lesotho. Sex Transm Infect. 1998 Jun. 74 Suppl 1:S23-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Humphreys TL, Baldridge LA, Billings SD, Campbell JJ, Spinola SM. Trafficking pathways and characterization of CD4 and CD8 cells recruited to the skin of humans experimentally infected with Haemophilus ducreyi. Infect Immun. 2005 Jul. 73(7):3896-902. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Humphreys TL, Schnizlein-Bick CT, Katz BP, Baldridge LA, Hood AF, Hromas RA, et al. Evolution of the cutaneous immune response to experimental Haemophilus ducreyi infection and its relevance to HIV-1 acquisition. J Immunol. 2002 Dec 1. 169(11):6316-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Joseph AK, Rosen T. Laboratory techniques used in the diagnosis of chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and lymphogranuloma venereum. Dermatol Clin. 1994 Jan. 12(1):1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Lewis DA. Chancroid: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Sex Transm Infect. 2003 Feb. 79(1):68-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Marrazzo JM, Handsfield HH. Chancroid: new developments in an old disease. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1995. 15:129-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF. Dermatologic manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases other than HIV. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1994 Sep. 8(3):533-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Martin DH, Sargent SJ, Wendel GD Jr, McCormack WM, Spier NA, Johnson RB, et al. Comparison of azithromycin and ceftriaxone for the treatment of chancroid. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Aug. 21(2):409-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Mayaud P, Ka-Gina G, Grosskurth H. Effectiveness, impact and cost of syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases in Tanzania. Int J STD AIDS. 1998. 9 Suppl 1:11-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Mertz KJ, Weiss JB, Webb RM, Levine WC, Lewis JS, Orle KA, et al. An investigation of genital ulcers in Jackson, Mississippi, with use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay: high prevalence of chancroid and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1998 Oct. 178(4):1060-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Morse SA. Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989 Apr. 2(2):137-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. O'Farrell N. Soap and water prophylaxis for limiting genital ulcer disease and HIV-1 infection in men in sub-Saharan Africa. Genitourin Med. 1993 Aug. 69(4):297-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. O'Farrell N. Targeted interventions required against genital ulcers in African countries worst affected by HIV infection. Bull World Health Organ. 2001. 79(6):569-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Paz-Bailey G, Rahman M, Chen C, Ballard R, Moffat HJ, Kenyon T, et al. Changes in the etiology of sexually transmitted diseases in Botswana between 1993 and 2002: implications for the clinical management of genital ulcer disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 1. 41(9):1304-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Pillay A, Hoosen AA, Loykissoonlal D, Glock C, Odhav B, Sturm AW. Comparison of culture media for the laboratory diagnosis of chancroid. J Med Microbiol. 1998 Nov. 47(11):1023-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Post DM, Mungur R, Gibson BW, Munson RS Jr. Identification of a novel sialic acid transporter in Haemophilus ducreyi. Infect Immun. 2005 Oct. 73(10):6727-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Prather DT, Bains M, Hancock RE, Filiatrault MJ, Campagnari AA. Differential expression of porins OmpP2A and OmpP2B of Haemophilus ducreyi. Infect Immun. 2004 Nov. 72(11):6271-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Rome ES. Sexually transmitted diseases: testing and treating. Adolesc Med. 1999 Jun. 10(2):231-41, vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Rosen T, Brown TJ. Cutaneous manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases. Med Clin North Am. 1998 Sep. 82(5):1081-104, vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Schmid GP, Faur YC, Valu JA, Sikandar SA, McLaughlin MM. Enhanced recovery of Haemophilus ducreyi from clinical specimens by incubation at 33 versus 35 degrees C. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Dec. 33(12):3257-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Schmid GP, Sanders LL Jr, Blount JH, Alexander ER. Chancroid in the United States. Reestablishment of an old disease. JAMA. 1987 Dec 11. 258(22):3265-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Spinola SM, Fortney KR, Katz BP, Latimer JL, Mock JR, Vakevainen M, et al. Haemophilus ducreyi requires an intact flp gene cluster for virulence in humans. Infect Immun. 2003 Dec. 71(12):7178-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Steen R. Eradicating chancroid. Bull World Health Organ. 2001. 79(9):818-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Steen R. Sex, soap and antibiotics: the case for chancroid eradication. Int J STD AIDS. 2001. 12(Suppl 2):147.

55. Steen R, Dallabetta G. Genital ulcer disease control and HIV prevention. J Clin Virol. 2004 Mar. 29(3):143-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Trager JD. Sexually transmitted diseases causing genital lesions in adolescents. Adolesc Med Clin. 2004 Jun. 15(2):323-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. WHO. World Health Organization. Management of sexually transmitted diseases. (WHO/GPA/TEM/94.1 Rev 1 ed). 1997. [Full Text].

58. WHO: World Health Organization. - Syndromic Case Management of STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)- A Guide for Decision-makers, Health Care Workers, and Communicators. 1997. [Full Text].

59. [Guideline] Workowski KA, Berman SM. CDC sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 15. 35:S135-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Lautenschlager S, Kemp M, Christensen JJ, Mayans MV, Moi H. 2017 European guideline for the management of chancroid. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Mar. 28 (4):324-329. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Kristine Song, MD ER Attending Physician, US Acute Care Solutions (USACS North); Emergency Medicine Residency Core Faculty, Simulations Director, Transitional Year Residency Program Director, Mercy Health — Anderson Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erica Jane Ross, MD Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mercy Health - Anderson Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Barry J Sheridan, DO Chief Warrior in Transition Services, Brooke Army Medical Center

Barry J Sheridan, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Montgomery

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christopher I Doty, MD, MAAEM, FAAEM, FACEP Tenured Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine; Vice Chair of Education, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center

Christopher I Doty, MD, MAAEM, FAAEM, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ninfa Mehta, MD, MPH Clinical Assistant Professor, Ultrasound Fellowship Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Ninfa Mehta, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Student Association/Foundation, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kaycie L Corburn, MD, MEd Resident Physician, Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine Combined Program, Kings County and SUNY Downstate Hospitals

Kaycie L Corburn, MD, MEd is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew D Nguyen, MD Clinical Instructor, Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, King’s County Hospital Center, SUNY Downstate Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Miguel A Martinez-Romo, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Miguel A Martinez-Romo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Emergency Medicine Residents' Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article