Needle-stick Guideline Questions & Answers

1. King KC, Strony R. Needlestick. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Bassett IV, Freedberg KA, Walensky RP. Two drugs or three? Balancing efficacy, toxicity, and resistance in postexposure prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1. 39(3):395-401. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. CDC. Recommendations for follow-up of health-care workers after occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997 Jul 4. 46(26):603-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Merchant RC, Keshavarz R. HIV postexposure prophylaxis practices by US ED practitioners. Am J Emerg Med. Jul 2003. 21(4):309-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Henderson DK. Management of needlestick injuries: a house officer who has a needlestick. JAMA. 2012 Jan 4. 307(1):75-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, et al. A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 Nov 20. 337(21):1485-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. CDC. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of health-care worker exposures to HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998 May 15. 47(RR-7):1-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, Heneine W, Thomas V, Cheever LW, et al. Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013 Sep. 34 (9):875-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. [Guideline] Elliot DeHaan, MD. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) to Prevent HIV Infection. Johns Hopkins University HIV Clinical Guidelines Program. Baltimore MD: Jun 2020. [Full Text].

10. Sidwell RU, Green JS, Novelli V. Management of occupational exposure to HIV--what actually happens. Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 Dec. 2(4):287-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. United States Department of Labor. Bloodborne pathogens and needlestick prevention. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Available at https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/bloodbornepathogens/recognition.html. Accessed: September 5, 2015.

12. CDC. Recommendations for Postexposure Interventions to Prevent Infections with Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Tetanus in Persons Wounded During Bombings or Similar Mass-Casualty Events - United States, 2008. MMWR. August 2008. 57(RR-6):1-19. [Full Text].

13. Marrazzo JM, del Rio C, Holtgrave DR, Cohen MS, Kalichman SC, Mayer KH, et al. HIV prevention in clinical care settings: 2014 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2014 Jul 23-30. 312 (4):390-409. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. [Guideline] New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. HIV Prophylaxis Following Occupational Exposure - What's New October 2014. New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. Available at http://www.hivguidelines.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/HIV-Prophylaxis-Following-Occupational-Exposure_3-28-16.pdf. October 2014;

15. [Guideline] Clinical Guidelines: Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV Prevention. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/chapter3.pdf?ua=1. Accessed: August 16, 2018.

16. Information for Healthcare Personnel Potentially Exposed to Hepatitis C Virus (HVC). Center for Disease Control. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/pdfs/testing-followup-exposed-hc-personnel.pdf. Accessed: August 22, 2018.

17. [Guideline] Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, Heneine W, Thomas V, Cheever LW, et al. Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013 Sep. 34 (9):875-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Ford N, Irvine C, Shubber Z, Baggaley R, Beanland R, Vitoria M, et al. Adherence to HIV postexposure prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2014 Nov 28. 28 (18):2721-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Houston SH, Sinnott JT, Palumbo SJ. Employee health and safety. Reese, ed. Practical Approach to Infectious Diseases. 1996. 706-724, 1406-1409.

Megan A Stobart-Gallagher, DO Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Associate Program Director, Emergency Medicine Residency, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital

Megan A Stobart-Gallagher, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H Medical Director, Office of Service Continuity and Disaster Planning, Fellowship Director, Stanford University Medical Center Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Chairman, SUMC and LPCH Bioterrorism and Emergency Preparedness Task Force, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Surgery (Emergency Medicine), Stanford University Medical Center

Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Physicians for Social Responsibility, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Southern Oncology Association of Practices, Southern Clinical Neurological Society, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeter (Jay) Pritchard Taylor, III, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Attending Physician / Clinical Instructor, Compliance Officer, Department of Emergency Medicine, Prisma Health Richland Hospital

Jeter (Jay) Pritchard Taylor, III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Columbia Medical Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, South Carolina College of Emergency Physicians, South Carolina Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Employed contractor - Chief Editor for Medscape.

Robert E Suter, DO, MHA Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical School

Robert E Suter, DO, MHA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William G Gossman, MD, FAAEM Associate Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine; Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Creighton University Medical Center

William G Gossman, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Brenda Cosens, RN Branch Director, Encompass Home Health

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mariclaire Cloutier Freelance editor, Medscape Drugs & Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article