Author
Bobak Zonnoor , MD, MMM Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, SUNY Downstate School of Medicine; Director, ED Observation Unit, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital; Volunteer Assistant Clinical Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Clinical Faculty, University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine
Bobak Zonnoor , MD, MMM is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Richard H Sinert, DO Professor of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Research Director, State University of New York College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Vice-Chair in Charge of Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center
Richard H Sinert, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Jon Mark Hirshon, MD, PhD, MPH, FACEP Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Chief, Emergency Department, Baltimore VA Medical Center
Jon Mark Hirshon, MD, PhD, MPH, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Public Health Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Jeter (Jay) Pritchard Taylor, III, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Attending Physician / Clinical Instructor, Compliance Officer, Department of Emergency Medicine, Prisma Health Richland Hospital
Jeter (Jay) Pritchard Taylor, III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Columbia Medical Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, South Carolina College of Emergency Physicians, South Carolina Medical Association
Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Employed contractor - Chief Editor for Medscape.
Additional Contributors
Dan Danzl, MD Chair, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville Hospital
Dan Danzl, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Kentucky Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
R Gentry Wilkerson, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Assistant Professor, Coordinator for Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
R Gentry Wilkerson, MD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Nathaniel B Stephens, DO Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa General Hospital
Nathaniel B Stephens, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association, Florida Osteopathic Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Jonathan A Edlow, MD, to the development and writing of this article.
