Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Emergency Medicine Questions & Answers

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2. Schwartzman RJ. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg. 1993 Aug. 6(4):531-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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11. Oaklander AL, Fields HL. Is reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome type I a small-fiber neuropathy?. Ann Neurol. 2009 Jun. 65(6):629-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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13. Swart CM, Stins JF, Beek PJ. Cortical changes in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Eur J Pain. 2009 Oct. 13(9):902-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Schwartzman RJ, Erwin KL, Alexander GM. The natural history of complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain. May 2009. 25(4):273-80.

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17. Stanton-Hicks M. Plasticity of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in children. Pain Med. 2010 Aug. 11(8):1216-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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19. de Rooij AM, de Mos M, van Hilten JJ, Sturkenboom MC, Gosso MF, van den Maagdenberg AM, et al. Increased risk of complex regional pain syndrome in siblings of patients?. J Pain. 2009 Dec. 10(12):1250-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. de Rooij AM, de Mos M, Sturkenboom MC, Marinus J, van den Maagdenberg AM, van Hilten JJ. Familial occurrence of complex regional pain syndrome. Eur J Pain. 2009 Feb. 13(2):171-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Merskey H, Bogduk N, eds. International Association for the Study of Pain. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. IASP Press; 1996.

22. Barrett MJ, Barnett PL. Complex Regional Pain Type 1. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Mar. 32 (3):185-9; quiz 190-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Sumitani M, Shibata M, Sakaue G, Mashimo T. Development of comprehensive diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome in the Japanese population. Pain. 2010 Aug. 150(2):243-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Perez RS, Collins S, Marinus J, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ. Diagnostic criteria for CRPS I: differences between patient profiles using three different diagnostic sets. Eur J Pain. 2007 Nov. 11(8):895-902. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Veldman PH, Reynen HM, Arntz IE, Goris RJ. Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dysrophy: prospective study of 829 patients. Lancet. 1993. 342:1012-1016.

26. Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, Saltz S, Bertram M, Backonja M, et al. External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain. 1999 May. 81(1-2):147-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Brunner F, Lienhardt SB, Kissling RO, Bachmann LM, Weber U. Diagnostic criteria and follow-up parameters in complex regional pain syndrome type I--a Delphi survey. Eur J Pain. 2008 Jan. 12(1):48-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Harden RN, Bruehl SP. Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome: signs, symptoms, and new empirically derived diagnostic criteria. Clin J Pain. 2006 Jun. 22(5):415-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. van Hilten JJ, van de Beek WJ, Vein AA, van Dijk JG, Middelkoop HA. Clinical aspects of multifocal or generalized tonic dystonia in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology. 2001 Jun 26. 56(12):1762-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Hulsman NM, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU, van den Dungen JJ, den Dunnen WF. Myopathy in CRPS-I: disuse or neurogenic?. Eur J Pain. 2009 Aug. 13(7):731-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Schwartzman RJ. New treatments for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug 31. 343(9):654-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Beerthuizen A, van 't Spijker A, Huygen FJ, Klein J, de Wit R. Is there an association between psychological factors and the Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) in adults? A systematic review. Pain. 2009 Sep. 145(1-2):52-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Peterlin BL, Rosso AL, Nair S, Young WB, Schwartzman RJ. Migraine may be a risk factor for the development of complex regional pain syndrome. Cephalalgia. 2009 Jul 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Borsook D, Sava S. Pain: Do ACE inhibitors exacerbate complex regional pain syndrome?. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009 Jun. 5(6):306-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Birklein F. Functional imaging of allodynia in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2006 Mar 14. 66(5):711-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Dadure C, Motais F, Ricard C, Raux O, Troncin R, Capdevila X. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home for treatment of recurrent complex regional pain syndrome I in children. Anesthesiology. 2005 Feb. 102(2):387-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Markman JD, Philip A. Interventional approaches to pain management. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Dec. 25(4):883-98, viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kemler MA, Reulen JP, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, de Vet HC, van den Wildenberg FA. Impact of spinal cord stimulation on sensory characteristics in complex regional pain syndrome type I: a randomized trial. Anesthesiology. 2001 Jul. 95(1):72-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Oakley JC, Weiner RL. Spinal cord stimulation in complex regional pain syndrome: a prospective study of 19 patients at 2 centers. Neuromodulation. 1999. 2:47-50.

40. Kemler MA, Rijks CP, de Vet HC. Which patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy are most likely to benefit from physical therapy?. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001 May. 24(4):272-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Cleary AG, Sills JA, Davidson JE, Cohen AM. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 May. 40(5):590-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Smart KM, Wand BM, O'Connell NE. Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 24. 2:CD010853. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Daly AE, Bialocerkowski AE. Does evidence support physiotherapy management of adult Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type One? A systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2009 Apr. 13(4):339-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Moseley GL. Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Pain. 2004 Mar. 108 (1-2):192-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Kundu A, Berman B. Acupuncture for pediatric pain and symptom management. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2007 Dec. 54(6):885-9; x. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Rickard JP, Kish T. Systemic Intravenous Lidocaine for the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. Am J Ther. 2015 Sep 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Schwartzman RJ, Patel M, Grothusen JR, Alexander GM. Efficacy of 5-day continuous lidocaine infusion for the treatment of refractory complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Med. 2009 Mar. 10(2):401-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Eckmann MS, Ramamurthy S, Griffin JG. Intravenous regional ketorolac and lidocaine in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome of the lower extremity: a randomized, double-blinded, crossover study. Clin J Pain. 2011 Mar-Apr. 27(3):203-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Taskaynatan MA, Ozgul A, Tan AK, Dincer K, Kalyon TA. Bier block with methylprednisolone and lidocaine in CRPS type I: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004 Sep-Oct. 29(5):408-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Everett A, Mclean B, Plunkett A, Buckenmaier C. A unique presentation of complex regional pain syndrome type I treated with a continuous sciatic peripheral nerve block and parenteral ketamine infusion: a case report. Pain Med. 2009 Sep. 10(6):1136-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Finch PM, Knudsen L, Drummond PD. Reduction of allodynia in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of topical ketamine. Pain. 2009 Nov. 146(1-2):18-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Sigtermans MJ, van Hilten JJ, Bauer MC, Arbous MS, Marinus J, Sarton EY, et al. Ketamine produces effective and long-term pain relief in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1. Pain. 2009 Oct. 145(3):304-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Schwartzman RJ, Alexander GM, Grothusen JR. The use of ketamine in complex regional pain syndrome: possible mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011 May. 11(5):719-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Azari P, Lindsay DR, Briones D, Clarke C, Buchheit T, Pyati S. Efficacy and safety of ketamine in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review. CNS Drugs. 2012 Mar 1. 26(3):215-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Tran de QH, Duong S, Bertini P, Finlayson RJ. Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a review of the evidence. Can J Anaesth. 2010 Feb. 57(2):149-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Collins S, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ, van Hilten BJ, Perez RS. Intravenous magnesium for complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS 1) patients: a pilot study. Pain Med. 2009 Jul-Aug. 10(5):930-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Brunner F, Schmid A, Kissling R, Held U, Bachmann LM. Biphosphonates for the therapy of complex regional pain syndrome I--systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2009 Jan. 13(1):17-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Safarpour D, Jabbari B. Botulinum toxin A (Botox) for treatment of proximal myofascial pain in complex regional pain syndrome: two cases. Pain Med. 2010 Sep. 11(9):1415-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Oh HM, Chung ME. Botulinum Toxin for Neuropathic Pain: A Review of the Literature. Toxins (Basel). 2015 Aug 14. 7 (8):3127-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Hsu ES. Practical management of complex regional pain syndrome. Am J Ther. 2009 Mar-Apr. 16(2):147-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, Saltz S, Backonja M, Stanton-Hicks M. Complex regional pain syndrome: are there distinct subtypes and sequential stages of the syndrome?. Pain. 2002 Jan. 95(1-2):119-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Karmarkar A, Lieberman I. Management of complex regional pain syndrome type II using lidoderm 5% patches. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Feb. 98(2):261-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Moseley GL. Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006 Dec 26. 67(12):2129-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Steven J Parrillo, DO, FACOEP, FACEP Clinical Adjunct Professor, Medical Director and Faculty, Disaster Medicine and Management Masters Program, Philadelphia University College of Health Sciences; Associate Professor, Clinical and Educational Scholarship Track, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Director, Division of EMS and Disaster Medicine, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network

Steven J Parrillo, DO, FACOEP, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Osteopathic Association, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

J Stephen Huff, MD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine and Neurology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine

J Stephen Huff, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew K Chang, MD, MS Vincent P Verdile, MD, Endowed Chair in Emergency Medicine, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Vice Chair of Research and Academic Affairs, Albany Medical College; Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center

Andrew K Chang, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, American Pain Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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